Today, Harvest Festival or Thanksgiving is celebrated
every year, but just
as it is with Christmas and Easter, few people in the western
hemisphere are aware of the true meaning of this custom. In a time, when
many people just go to the supermarket and buy whatever takes their fancy,
it is not surprising that they don't know just how much time and effort it
takes to grow plants from seed to the fruits, vegetables and cereals
they buy, because nowadays, all of these are available all year round.

However, our ancestors knew what they were thankful for, which is why
some form of celebration has been held for millennia. At first, people made
sacrifices to various gods and goddesses, often in the form of an animal
which
was killed for the purpose, or by leaving or even burning fruits,
vegetables or cereals.

Traditions in Ancient Times

The Romans celebrated Cerelia, paying tribute to Ceres, the
goddess of cereals, on 4 October by offering her the first harvested fruits
and pork. The celebration included music, parades, games and sports as well
as a thanksgiving meal.

In Greece, the married women paid tribute to the goddess Demeter during
the three day festival of Thesmosphoria, starting with building leaf
huts on the first day, fasting on the second day, and offering seeds,
fruits, cakes and pork to Demeter and feasting on the third day.

In China, Chung Ch'ui, a three day festival, was celebrated when
the full moon fell on the 15th day of the 8th month. Round yellow cakes were
cooked, imprinted with the picture of a hare, because that's what the
Chinese people saw on the moon.

In Egypt, a statue of Min, the god of vegetation and fertility, was
erected on the harvested fields. There was a parade which even the Pharaoh
participated in, as well as music, dance and sport. It is said that the
farmers pretended to be sad and wept when they cropped the corn, to deceive
and appease the spirits of the earth.

Modern Times

In later Judaism, two harvest festivals were celebrated: Shavuot (Pentecost, Harvest Offering) for
the harvest of cereals in either
May or June, and the Feast of
the Tabernacles or Booths, Sukkot (Succoth), five days after
Yom Kipphur as a general festival of commemorating the Exodus in
October, lasting for a week. Both festivals are celebrated to this day.

You can find an early mention of a ritual of giving crops and animals to
god in the Bible:

In the course
of time Cain brought some of the fruits of the soil as an offering to the
LORD. But Abel brought fat portions from some of the firstborn of his flock.
The LORD looked with favor on Abel and his offering, but on Cain and his
offering he did not look with favor.
Gen 4:3-5

In the Catholic Church, an Erntedankfest is documented as early as
the
third century, but due to different climate zones throughout the world,
there is no universally agreed-upon date.

The German Conference of Catholic Bishops from 1972 set the date to the
first Sunday in October, but communities don't have to celebrate it. In
Protestant communities in Germany, it is either on Michaelmas Day on 29
September, or on a Sunday close to this day.

There isn't any unique way to celebrate it, either. Sometimes there are
processions
with decorated carts (drawn by horses) or tractors in the villages. The
churches are decorated with the crops from the fields and
special services are held. Other ways to celebrate are festivals which are
in close connection with the seasonal work, such as the Almabtrieb,
when the cattle that have spent the summer high up on the mountains are driven
down
to the valley for winter. This is usually sometime between Michaelmas Day
and mid
October. Martinmas Day on 11 November is another harvest celebration day.

In England, like in other countries, the custom of celebrating the harvest dates back to Pagan times. Offers of corn to the gods of fertility, and a sacrifice to the spirits of the corn, usually in the form of a hare, were made to pave the way to another good harvest in the following year. Over the centuries, customs changed; the hare was substituted by a 'corn dolly' which was hung from the beam of the farmhouse until the next harvest. Once the harvest was in, the whole community gathered to a celebratory harvest supper on Michaelmas Day, when a stuffed goose was eaten, as turkeys were unknown at the time. The celebrating of Harvest Festival in churches came into life when the Reverend Robert Hawker held a special thanksgiving service for the harvest in his church at Morwenstow in Cornwall, in 1843. The choice of songs sung at the service helped to spread and popularise the custom of decorating the churches with harvested foods. In addition to the church services, many schools throughout England celebrate the Harvest Festival, bringing food from home, which is given to people in need after having been on display during the service.

In France, La Fete de la Moisson (harvest), is an organised event, often with exhibitions of agricultural items from old and modern times, music, parades etc. Interested visitors are charged a fee for the event.

Thanksgiving Day

In the USA and Canada, Thanksgiving Day is a public holiday, which is
on the second Monday in October in Canada and on the fourth Thursday in
November in the USA.

In Canada, the date of Thanksgiving Day underwent many changes since it
was celebrated regularly after the Confederation, and the reasons included such
things as: 'For restoration to health of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales on
Monday' (15 April 1872), 'a day of General Thanksgiving on Thursday' (16
Oct. 1902), and 'For general thanksgiving to Almighty God for the blessings
with which the people of Canada have been favoured'as it is now. From 1879,
proclamations setting the date were issued on a nearly yearly basis until
in 1957 a last proclamation was issued, fixing the date permanently to the
second Monday in October.

In the USA, the very first Thanksgiving Day is said to have been
celebrated by English Separatists, better known to us as the Pilgrims, and
Native Americans together in Plymouth in 1621. It was not so much an
observance, but rather in the tradition of harvest festivals as they were
known to the English as well as to the natives. A traditional Thanksgiving
was more of a church observance than a festival. Every colony had their own
days and customs for Thanksgiving, and it wasn't until 1789 that the first
national Thanksgiving Day was proclaimed for 26 November by President
George Washington on Wednesday, 14 October, 1789. Like in Canada,
Thanksgiving days were proclaimed in various years by various presidents,
and the reasons for the observances varied, too. Abraham Lincoln was the
first president to proclaim Thanksgiving on 3 October 1863 as a national
holiday on the last Thursday in November of that year, after 40 years of
campaigning by magazine editor Sarah Josepha Hale and in the midst of the
American Civil War. Since then, every president proclaimed one or more days
of Thanksgiving every year; and the states observed this as they saw fit,
until in 1941 Congress eventually declared a public holiday, to be held on
the fourth Thursday in November for the whole of the USA.

In protest of the arrival of the Pilgrims and other European settlers who
stole their land killing thousands of Native Americans, many Native
Americans and supporters have spent a 'Day of
National Mourning' at Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts, each year
on
Thanksgiving Day since 1970, even burying the rock, a symbol for racism and
oppression, twice.

Today, Thanksgiving is a family gathering, so that millions of Americans
set out to go home for the fourth Thursday in November every year, to eat
turkey, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie, the traditional Thanksgiving meal.
It is not known whether the Pilgrims had turkey, but they didn't have flour,
dairy products, cider or potatoes (which they thought were poisonous).

The cult about the presidential turkeys is taking a more and more weird
form every year. Since the President of the USA has been given one living
turkey and two dressed ones from 1947 onwards (maybe even earlier), it has
been a tradition that the live turkey was pardoned and allowed to spend the
rest of his life on a farm. Nowadays, two live turkeys are pardoned,
in case one of the turkeys will not be available for the pardoning.

Since 2003 the turkeys have been given names by the public. Since 2005
they have been flown to Disneyland to be part of the annual Thanksgiving
Parade there. One has to wonder, whatever will be next?