Leeds is the third largest¹ city in Britain, with over 715,000 inhabitants², effectively replacing York as the capital of Yorkshire. Together with the neighbouring and interlinked city of Bradford, Leeds forms a continuous conurbation of over 1.2 million people and is the commercial centre of the north of England. Leeds' population makes it the 55th largest city in Europe, comparable in size with Athens, Stockholm, Krakow and Amsterdam.

If you have not been to Leeds city centre before, despite its size, there's no need to worry about getting lost. Leeds is one of the easiest cities in Britain to find your way around in. The central shopping district is on a hill, so north is always uphill and south downhill. Therefore if you're looking uphill, west is on your left and east on your right³. The streets are arranged in a grid plan, so as long as you head in the right direction, you can't go far wrong.

Location and transportation

Leeds is situated on the river Aire and is almost exactly half way between London and Edinburgh, and midway between Britain's west coast of Merseyside and the east coast of the Humber. Leeds is easily accessible by car from the M1 motorway from London, the M62 which crosses the country and the Pennines from east to west, the A1(M) from Edinburgh a well as the Leeds-Liverpool canal which formed the crucial transport link during the city's phenomenal growth during the industrial revolution.

Leeds is also a major hub for trains, having one of the largest train stations in Britain outside London, complete with 17 platforms. It is possible to catch trains to most destinations in the UK, and services on the East Coast Line reach London in 2 hours. Leeds also has an international airport on its doorstep, located in Yeadon, which is halfway between the cities of Leeds and Bradford. Unsurprisingly, the airport is called the Leeds/Bradford Airport.

Leeds is also located on two National Cycle Routes. These are National Cycle Route 66, York to Manchester, including the Aire Valley Towpath Cycleway, which runs through Leeds. The second is National Route 67, which joins with the Trans Pennine Cycle Trail and links Leeds, Barnsley, and Sheffield.

Sadly, it is harder to get around the outskirts of Leeds than it is to get to the city, despite the existence of buses and taxis. Leeds is the largest city in Europe without its own tram or underground network since the last tram was withdrawn from service in 1959. It had been hoped to re-introduce a 17-mile long tram system in the early 21st Century but this sadly was not constructed due to Government funding being cancelled. The land acquired for the tram lines has since been turned into cycle routes, vastly improving cycling around Leeds. Consequently, Leeds now has one of the UK's first Cycle Hubs, known as CyclePoint.

The City Centre's layout is basically square, with the Railway and Bus stations at the bottom left and right-hand corners respectively. If you arrive in town by train, the main city centre is North and East when you come out of the station, or if you visit by bus then it is West and North.

If you drive in, the City Centre's encircled by a clockwise one-way system called the Loop. There are several car parks located inside the Loop. The easiest way to reach the city centre by car from the South, East or West is off Junction 3 of the M621, easily accessible from the M1 and M62. This takes vehicles to the south of the city centre, passing beneath Leeds Railway Station. Leeds is also accessible from Junctions 1, 2A, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the M621, 45 and 46 of the M1 and 45 and 44 from the A1(M).

Places to visit

Leeds city centre has a plethora of shops, many of which are contained inside Leeds' several shopping centres and arcades. The most stunning is the Victoria Quarter arcade, which includes Thornton's Arcade, home of the most famous clock in Leeds. It was built in 1900 and has four life-size quarterjacks, which are characters from Sir Walter Scott's novel Ivanhoe: Richard the Lionheart, Friar Tuck, Robin Hood and Gurth the Swineherd. Others include the Grade I Listed Kirkgate Market and the Trinity Centre, a vast shopping area currently being constructed. The main shopping area of Leeds is helpfully pedestrianised. In December Leeds hosts one of the largest Christmas Markets in Britain.

One of the largest shopping centre in Leeds is the White Rose Centre, located a short distance south of the city centre and easily reached by car or bus.

There are also several pubs, clubs, cafes and restaurants scattered throughout Leeds that reflect its ethnic mix.

Leeds is not a green city. Parks in the city centre itself are limited to Park Square and the small Nelson Mandela Gardens next to Millennium Square. There are large green areas near Leeds City Centre, including Kirkstall Abbey's grounds and Roundhay Park. The waterfront area is also a pleasant destination to sit and relax.

Instead of parks, Leeds has large, open squares. The first of which is City Square, located opposite the station, which is decorated with fountains and statues of prominent Leeds figures⁴, the Black Prince⁵, and feminine figures representing dusk and dawn. For Leeds' millennium project, Millennium Square was created. This is located in the north of the city centre, between the Civic Centre and Leeds City Museum, and is used as the venue for a wide variety of activities.

Theatres & Cinemas

There are three main theatres in Leeds. These are:

• Grand Theatre and Opera House – this Grade II* Listed Theatre often houses opera and ballet.
• Leeds City Varieties – hidden in the back alleys of Leeds, this small Grade II* Listed gem of a theatre was built in 1865 and remains at heart a Victorian music hall.
• West Yorkshire Playhouse – two modern theatres housed within the same building, the West Yorkshire Playhouse hosts a wide variety of performances.

Leeds Town Hall is also Grade I Listed concert venue, famous for hosting prestigious events including the Leeds International Piano Competition.

At time of writing a large arena is under construction in the north of Leeds city centre. It is hoped that this will host a wide variety of events, including music, dancing, spectacular family shows, comedy and even sport.

Appropriately enough for the birthplace of film, there are a number of cinemas in Leeds. These include modern multiplex cinemas, with one in The Light shopping centre in the city centre and another easily accessible by car on Kirkstall Road. Among the best are The Cottage Road Cinema, open since 1912 and the Grade II ListedHyde Park Picture House, a gas-lit Edwardian cinema built in 1908 that has shown films since 1914.

Every year since 1999 Leeds has hosted a major Music Festival over the August Bank Holiday weekend, the northern equivalent of the Reading Festival. Since 1986 every November Leeds has hosted the largest International Film Festival in Britain outside London.

Sport Venues

There are many sporting venues in Leeds that can be visited and matches watched in. Unusually, the people of Leeds traditionally are prouder and more supportive of their Rugby teams rather than football, except when Leeds United are doing well in the Premiership.

• Cricket – Headingley Stadium is one of Britain's premier cricket grounds and is home to Yorkshire County Cricket Club. International test matches are often held here.
• Football - Elland Road Stadium is home to Leeds United AFC, Leeds' professional football team. It also has hosted European Cup matches⁶.
• Rugby League - Leeds Rhinos is Leeds' Rugby League team, founded in 1895.
• Rugby Union - Leeds Carnegie is Leeds' Rugby Union team.

There are also athletics facilities, bowling lanes, several golf courses and some basic swimming pools with diving facilities, although sadly Leeds does not have a swimming and water park complex. Leeds also does not have a permanent ice rink, but an outdoor facility is traditionally erected after Christmas in Millennium Square.

Tourist Destinations

Although nearby historic York is by far the prettier city and more popular with tourists and visitors, industrial Leeds has a wide range of attractions that should more than entertain any visitors.

The best place to start any visit to Leeds is Yorkshire Gateway, a Tourist Information Centre located in Leeds Station.

Places to visit in Leeds include:

• Abbey House Museum – located in Kirkstall Abbey's grounds, this former Abbey gatehouse is a very child-friendly museum. A Grade II* Listed Building with mock Victorian streets inside and faithful recreations of houses, shops, a church and a pub inside showing what life in Leeds would have been like in the 1880s. Above, in the first floor are collections of more aspects of Victorian Leeds, including Victorian toys, clothes and furniture.
• Abbey Light Railway – The Abbey Light Railway is based in the grounds of Kirkstall Abbey. Usually operating only on Sundays, it takes visitors on a pleasant ride from the abbey grounds a short distance running south-west from the abbey, crossing the mill race.
• Aire Valley Towpath – A pleasant 17-mile canalside walk and cyclepath along the Leeds and Liverpool canal, the longest canal in Britain. Passing Kirkstall Abbey, Five Rise Locks and Saltaire, a Victorian Industrial Village and World Heritage Site.
• Armley Mills, Leeds Industrial Museum – A museum in the Grade II* Listed Building that was once the world's largest woollen mill, dating from the 16th Century. Displays include those on textile heritage, a 1920s cinema and a range of locomotives locally manufactured in Leeds.
• Harewood House - A Grade I Listed 18th Century Stately home, the stunning Harewood House is one of Yorkshire's most popular tourist destinations. It also has a bird garden.
• Kirkstall Abbey - Kirkstall Abbey is a highly picturesque ruin of a Cistercian Abbey set in riverside gardens, and is a Grade I Listed Building.
• Leeds Art Gallery - In the very heart of Leeds lies this free art gallery, one of the finest outside London. Its collection includes traditional and contemporary paintings and sculptures, with a changing gallery of exhibits. This is next to Leeds Central Library and the neighbouring Henry Moore Institute art gallery can be reached by crossing over a bridge. Another art gallery in Leeds is the University of Leeds Stanley & Audrey Burton Gallery.
• Leeds City Museum - Located on Millennium Square, the family-friendly Leeds City Museum has a wide range of exhibits, including on Leeds' history, sculptures, Egyptian mummies and stuffed tigers and other animals from all around the world.
• Leeds Owl Trail - A walk around Leeds City Centre looking for Leeds' symbol, the Owl, two of which appear on Leeds' coat of arms,
• Lotherton Hall - A historic Grade II Listed country house 13 miles outside Leeds city centre, famous for its picturesque grounds, complete with bird garden and a playground.
• Middleton Railway - The world's oldest continuously working railway, operating from 1758 and steam-powered since 1812. It usually operates between Easter and the end of the school holidays, and runs both steam and diesel services on its one mile track.
• The Royal Armouries - One of Leeds' premier tourist attractions, this is the home of much of the Royal Collection formerly housed in the Tower of London. The collection includes Henry VIII's horned helmet which is the Armouries' logo as well as his suits of armour. Live displays take place regularly and in addition to the galleries displaying Arms and armour from all around the world, War, Tournament, Self-Defense, Hunting, and Oriental Arms and Armour, there is a tiltyard outside where in the summer falconry, jousting and other displays are held.
• St John's Church – Leeds' oldest church, but no longer in service, this finely-preserved building is unusual in being built in 1632, a time when few churches were being constructed in the chaotic period preceding the Civil War. Grade I Listed, this building hidden behind the St John's shopping centre is one of the quietest, most relaxing and peaceful places in Leeds.
• St Anne's Roman Catholic Cathedral - a small, 20th Century Catholic Cathedral.
• Temple Newsam House - A Grade I Listed 16th Century house and gardens with a renowned art collection.
• Thackray Medical Museum - A museum in a Grade II Listed buildingon the history of medicine located next to St James' Hospital, complete with full-size replica of Leeds' Victorian slums.
• Tropical World – Located in Roundhay, this is one of the UK's largest tropical tropical plant collections outside Kew Gardens. Tropical World is not just about plants, but contains butterflies, fish, meerkats and transports the visitor to the other side of the world.
• Thwaite Mills - A Grade II Listed watermill on the River Aire dating from the 1820s, now an industrial museum.
• U-8047 - A former barge converted to look like a Second World War German submarine. This is located at Clarence Docks, close to the Royal Armouries.

Other Landmarks

Other Leeds landmarks include the Dalek, currently Leeds' tallest building, visible up to 25 miles away. Officially known as Bridgewater Place, it was instantly renamed by locals as its shape can only be described as being that of a Dalek. Leeds also has a distinctive Town Hall, declared open by Queen Victoria in 1858, the Corn Exchange, dating from 1863 and the shiny, white Civic Centre, built in the 1930s.

A Quick Summary of Leeds' History and Industry

'Loidis', was first mentioned in The Ecclesiastical History of the English People by the Venerable Bede in 731 AD. 'Ledes' was also mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. Leeds was originally a cluster of buildings around what is now Briggate and the river Aire. It has since spread phenomenally to include several previously outlying towns and villages.

From small beginnings, the population steadily grew to over 30,000 at the end of the 17th Century through the wool trade. English wool, including Yorkshire wool, had the reputation of being of the finest quality throughout mediæval times. However, it was the industrial revolution that dramatically changed the fate of this previously unremarkable town. The nearby supply of iron ore, its central position and the navigable river Aire made Leeds a natural focus point for making and trading textile goods. This provided an enormous boost to the Leeds economy and population, with the population growing to 150,000 by 1840. The nearby plentiful countryside for rearing sheep, local supply of coal, iron ore and cheap labour made it a powerhouse of the 19th century cloth industry, and when Leeds became a city in 1893, its population had boomed to over 503,000.

Leeds was typical of many northern industrial towns of the 19th Century. The industrial revolution had provided transport, employment and industry, but brought with it the associated problems of overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure, which led to health and social problems endemic in such conditions, including a series of cholera epidemics.

The outward face of Leeds was becoming ever more grand, with elaborate new buildings such as the Town Hall, opened by Queen Victoria; the University, the Corn Exchange, Kirkgate Market and the recently refurbished grand covered arcades leading between many of the major shopping streets. In keeping with its reputation as a shopping haven, Leeds can lay claim to being the birthplace of many a British institution. In 1822 Joshua Tetley set up his brewing business in Leeds, although Tetley's Leeds Brewery was closed in 2011, Tetley's having been taken over by Carlsberg in 1998. Michael Marks, later to team up with Tom Spencer, started his first penny bazaar in Leeds Kirkgate market in 1884. Clothing chain Burtons also started in Leeds in 1910⁷.

Since the industrial revolution Leeds has expanded its commercial interests to include banking, insurance, call centres, retail and IT. This, combined with an increasing public awareness of the benefits of urban planning, slum clearance and historical preservation, have provided an enormous amount of commercial and residential development, to make Leeds what it is today - a buzzing and interesting place to live.

Leeds Timeline

A few key dates in Leeds' history:

• 731 – Bede’s The Ecclesiastical
  History of the English People mentions Leeds Parish Church. Leeds was then called Loidis.
• 1152 – Foundations of Kirkstall Abbey built. In 1539 Kirkstall Abbey was dissolved, but its remains are well worth a visit today.
• 1634 – St John's Church, Briggate consecrated
• 1754 – Leeds Intelligencer, now Yorkshire Post newspaper, founded.
• 1759 – Beginning of the Middleton Railway, the world's oldest continuously operating railway. It initially operated as a horse-drawn waggonway.
• 1812 – Matthew Murray's steam engines begin operating on Middleton Railway, making it the world's first commercially successful steam railway.
• 1816 – Leeds-Liverpool canal is completed.
• 1884 – The launch of the 'Penny Bazaar', now the international Marks & Spencers firm.
• 1888 – Leeds is the location of the first true films made. This is the 2 second long Roundhay Garden Scene, filmed by Louis Le Prince on 14 October, 1888 in Roundhay Park, the earliest surviving motion picture. Other films filmed in Leeds by Le Prince in 1888 include Leeds Bridge and Accordion Player.
• 1893 – Leeds becomes a city by Royal Charter.
• 1894 – Electric trams are started. The last tram was withdrawn in 1959.
• 1903 – The Black Prince statue in Leeds City Square is unveiled. This has since been adopted as a symbol of Leeds.
• 1904 – St Anne’s Cathedral (Catholic) is consecrated.⁸
• 1904 – University of Leeds becomes an independent educational institution.
• 1905 – The first cinema in Leeds is opened. Leeds still has two pre-Great War cinemas, the Cottage Cinema and Hyde Park Picture House
• 1928 – Britain’s first permanent traffic lights installed in Park Row.
• 1992 – Leeds Polytechnic becomes Leeds Metropolitan University
• 1995 – Royal Armouries Museum opens.
• 2002 – Queen Elizabeth II visits Leeds.

Geography and Climate

Despite the reputation the north of England has for bad weather, Leeds' situation east of the Pennines means that it suffers much less rain than the counties to the west, as much of the rain bearing cloud coming from the Irish Sea and Atlantic empties itself prior to climbing across the mountains. Generally the climate is one or two degrees colder than the south coast of England.