Special Character Codes in GuideML
Created | Updated May 27, 2006
If you want to put special characters into your GuideML articles, then there are two ways to do it:
Use a 'named entity', such as £
Use the <ENTITY> tag, such as <ENTITY TYPE="#163"/>
Do not use a 'numbered entity', such as £ - this will not work on all platforms.
We recommend the first one, as it is slightly clearer to those reading your GuideML. If you want to include special characters in article subjects, then you must use the first type of entity, as only this type will work.
The following tables show named entities and <ENTITY> tags, and contain all the characters from the ISO 8859-1 standard.
Please note that most browsers can't display all these characters (though one day one assumes they will). Some are better than others - Internet Explorer 5 displays more than Netscape 4.7, for example - so if a character doesn't appear below in your browser, then it won't show up properly for you even if you use the right code, but it might work for others. Also, some browsers will display correctly when the <ENTITY> tag is used, but not when the named entity is used. If in doubt, use the <ENTITY> tag.
Some Macintosh keyboards don't have the # symbol on them, but you can type it by pressing Option and 3.
Markup Entities
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| " | <ENTITY TYPE="#34"/> | " | Quotation mark |
| & | <ENTITY TYPE="#38"/> | & | Ampersand |
| < | <ENTITY TYPE="#60"/> | < | Less-than sign |
| > | <ENTITY TYPE="#62"/> | > | Greater-than sign |
Punctuation and General Symbols
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| | <ENTITY TYPE="#160"/> | Non-breakable space | |
| ¡ | <ENTITY TYPE="#161"/> | ¡ | Inverted exclamation mark |
| ¢ | <ENTITY TYPE="#162"/> | ¢ | Cent sign |
| £ | <ENTITY TYPE="#163"/> | £ | Pound sterling sign |
| ¤ | <ENTITY TYPE="#164"/> | ¤ | General currency sign |
| ¥ | <ENTITY TYPE="#165"/> | ¥ | Yen sign |
| ¦ | <ENTITY TYPE="#166"/> | ¦ | Broken (vertical) bar |
| § | <ENTITY TYPE="#167"/> | § | Section sign |
| ¨ | <ENTITY TYPE="#168"/> | ¨ | Umlaut (dieresis) |
| © | <ENTITY TYPE="#169"/> | © | Copyright sign |
| ª | <ENTITY TYPE="#170"/> | ª | Ordinal indicator, feminine |
| « | <ENTITY TYPE="#171"/> | « | Angle quotation mark, left |
| ­ | <ENTITY TYPE="#173"/> | | Soft hyphen |
| ® | <ENTITY TYPE="#174"/> | ® | Registered sign |
| ¯ | <ENTITY TYPE="#175"/> | ¯ | Macron |
| ° | <ENTITY TYPE="#176"/> | ° | Degree sign |
| ² | <ENTITY TYPE="#178"/> | ² | Superscript two |
| ³ | <ENTITY TYPE="#179"/> | ³ | Superscript three |
| ´ | <ENTITY TYPE="#180"/> | ´ | Acute accent |
| µ | <ENTITY TYPE="#181"/> | µ | Micro sign |
| ¶ | <ENTITY TYPE="#182"/> | ¶ | Pilcrow (paragraph sign) |
| · | <ENTITY TYPE="#183"/> | · | Middle dot |
| ¸ | <ENTITY TYPE="#184"/> | ¸ | Cedilla |
| ¹ | <ENTITY TYPE="#185"/> | ¹ | Superscript one |
| º | <ENTITY TYPE="#186"/> | º | Ordinal indicator, masculine |
| » | <ENTITY TYPE="#187"/> | » | Angle quotation mark, right |
| ¿ | <ENTITY TYPE="#191"/> | ¿ | Inverted question mark |
| ˆ | <ENTITY TYPE="#710"/> | ˆ | Modifier letter circumflex accent |
| ˜ | <ENTITY TYPE="#732"/> | ˜ | Small tilde |
| • | <ENTITY TYPE="#8226"/> | • | Bullet (small black circle) |
| … | <ENTITY TYPE="#8230"/> | … | Horizontal ellipsis |
|   | <ENTITY TYPE="#8194"/> | En space | |
|   | <ENTITY TYPE="#8195"/> | Em space | |
|   | <ENTITY TYPE="#8201"/> | Thin space | |
| ‌ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8204"/> | | Zero width non-joiner |
| ‍ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8205"/> | | Zero width joiner |
| ‎ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8206"/> | | Left-to-right mark |
| ‏ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8207"/> | | Right-to-left mark |
| – | <ENTITY TYPE="#8211"/> | – | En dash |
| — | <ENTITY TYPE="#8212"/> | — | Em dash |
| ‘ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8216"/> | ‘ | Left single quotation mark |
| ’ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8217"/> | ’ | Right single quotation mark |
| ‚ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8218"/> | ‚ | Single low-9 quotation mark |
| “ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8220"/> | “ | Left double quotation mark |
| ” | <ENTITY TYPE="#8221"/> | ” | Right double quotation mark |
| „ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8222"/> | „ | Double low-9 quotation mark |
| † | <ENTITY TYPE="#8224"/> | † | Dagger |
| ‡ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8225"/> | ‡ | Double dagger |
| ‰ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8240"/> | ‰ | Per mille sign |
| <ENTITY TYPE="euro"/> | <ENTITY TYPE="#8364"/> | € | Euro sign |
Letters and Related Characters
Accented Letters
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| À | <ENTITY TYPE="#192"/> | À | Capital A, grave accent |
| Á | <ENTITY TYPE="#193"/> | Á | Capital A, acute accent |
| Â | <ENTITY TYPE="#194"/> | Â | Capital A, circumflex accent |
| Ã | <ENTITY TYPE="#195"/> | Ã | Capital A, tilde |
| Ä | <ENTITY TYPE="#196"/> | Ä | Capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| Å | <ENTITY TYPE="#197"/> | Å | Capital A, ring |
| Æ | <ENTITY TYPE="#198"/> | Æ | Capital AE diphthong (ligature) |
| Ç | <ENTITY TYPE="#199"/> | Ç | Capital C, cedilla |
| È | <ENTITY TYPE="#200"/> | È | Capital E, grave accent |
| É | <ENTITY TYPE="#201"/> | É | Capital E, acute accent |
| Ê | <ENTITY TYPE="#202"/> | Ê | Capital E, circumflex accent |
| Ë | <ENTITY TYPE="#203"/> | Ë | Capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| Ì | <ENTITY TYPE="#204"/> | Ì | Capital I, grave accent |
| Í | <ENTITY TYPE="#205"/> | Í | Capital I, acute accent |
| Î | <ENTITY TYPE="#206"/> | Î | Capital I, circumflex accent |
| Ï | <ENTITY TYPE="#207"/> | Ï | Capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| Ð | <ENTITY TYPE="#208"/> | Ð | Capital Eth, Icelandic |
| Ñ | <ENTITY TYPE="#209"/> | Ñ | Capital N, tilde |
| Ò | <ENTITY TYPE="#210"/> | Ò | Capital O, grave accent |
| Ó | <ENTITY TYPE="#211"/> | Ó | Capital O, acute accent |
| Ô | <ENTITY TYPE="#212"/> | Ô | Capital O, circumflex accent |
| Õ | <ENTITY TYPE="#213"/> | Õ | Capital O, tilde |
| Ö | <ENTITY TYPE="#214"/> | Ö | Capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| × | <ENTITY TYPE="#215"/> | × | Multiply sign |
| Ø | <ENTITY TYPE="#216"/> | Ø | Capital O, slash |
| Ù | <ENTITY TYPE="#217"/> | Ù | Capital U, grave accent |
| Ú | <ENTITY TYPE="#218"/> | Ú | Capital U, acute accent |
| Û | <ENTITY TYPE="#219"/> | Û | Capital U, circumflex accent |
| Ü | <ENTITY TYPE="#220"/> | Ü | Capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| Ý | <ENTITY TYPE="#221"/> | Ý | Capital Y, acute accent |
| Þ | <ENTITY TYPE="#222"/> | Þ | Capital THORN, Icelandic |
| ß | <ENTITY TYPE="#223"/> | ß | Lower case sharp s, German (sz ligature) |
| à | <ENTITY TYPE="#224"/> | à | Lower case a, grave accent |
| á | <ENTITY TYPE="#225"/> | á | Lower case a, acute accent |
| â | <ENTITY TYPE="#226"/> | â | Lower case a, circumflex accent |
| ã | <ENTITY TYPE="#227"/> | ã | Lower case a, tilde |
| ä | <ENTITY TYPE="#228"/> | ä | Lower case a, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| å | <ENTITY TYPE="#229"/> | å | Lower case a, ring |
| æ | <ENTITY TYPE="#230"/> | æ | Lower case ae diphthong (ligature) |
| ç | <ENTITY TYPE="#231"/> | ç | Lower case c, cedilla |
| è | <ENTITY TYPE="#232"/> | è | Lower case e, grave accent |
| é | <ENTITY TYPE="#233"/> | é | Lower case e, acute accent |
| ê | <ENTITY TYPE="#234"/> | ê | Lower case e, circumflex accent |
| ë | <ENTITY TYPE="#235"/> | ë | Lower case e, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| ì | <ENTITY TYPE="#236"/> | ì | Lower case i, grave accent |
| í | <ENTITY TYPE="#237"/> | í | Lower case i, acute accent |
| î | <ENTITY TYPE="#238"/> | î | Lower case i, circumflex accent |
| ï | <ENTITY TYPE="#239"/> | ï | Lower case i, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| ð | <ENTITY TYPE="#240"/> | ð | Lower case eth, Icelandic |
| ñ | <ENTITY TYPE="#241"/> | ñ | Lower case n, tilde |
| ò | <ENTITY TYPE="#242"/> | ò | Lower case o, grave accent |
| ó | <ENTITY TYPE="#243"/> | ó | Lower case o, acute accent |
| ô | <ENTITY TYPE="#244"/> | ô | Lower case o, circumflex accent |
| õ | <ENTITY TYPE="#245"/> | õ | Lower case o, tilde |
| ö | <ENTITY TYPE="#246"/> | ö | Lower case o, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| ÷ | <ENTITY TYPE="#247"/> | ÷ | Divide sign |
| ø | <ENTITY TYPE="#248"/> | ø | Lower case o, slash |
| ù | <ENTITY TYPE="#249"/> | ù | Lower case u, grave accent |
| ú | <ENTITY TYPE="#250"/> | ú | Lower case u, acute accent |
| û | <ENTITY TYPE="#251"/> | û | Lower case u, circumflex accent |
| ü | <ENTITY TYPE="#252"/> | ü | Lower case u, dieresis or umlaut mark |
| ý | <ENTITY TYPE="#253"/> | ý | Lower case y, acute accent |
| þ | <ENTITY TYPE="#254"/> | þ | Lower case thorn, Icelandic |
| ÿ | <ENTITY TYPE="#255"/> | ÿ | Lower case y, dieresis or umlaut mark |
Ligatures
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Π| <ENTITY TYPE="#338"/> | Π| Latin capital ligature oe |
| œ | <ENTITY TYPE="#339"/> | œ | Latin lower case ligature oe |
| Š | <ENTITY TYPE="#352"/> | Š | Latin capital letter s with caron |
| š | <ENTITY TYPE="#353"/> | š | Latin lower case letter s with caron |
| Ÿ | <ENTITY TYPE="#376"/> | Ÿ | Latin capital letter y with diaeresis |
Greek Characters
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Α | <ENTITY TYPE="#913"/> | Α | Greek capital letter alpha |
| Β | <ENTITY TYPE="#914"/> | Β | Greek capital letter beta |
| Γ | <ENTITY TYPE="#915"/> | Γ | Greek capital letter gamma |
| Δ | <ENTITY TYPE="#916"/> | Δ | Greek capital letter delta |
| Ε | <ENTITY TYPE="#917"/> | Ε | Greek capital letter epsilon |
| Ζ | <ENTITY TYPE="#918"/> | Ζ | Greek capital letter zeta |
| Η | <ENTITY TYPE="#919"/> | Η | Greek capital letter eta |
| Θ | <ENTITY TYPE="#920"/> | Θ | Greek capital letter theta |
| Ι | <ENTITY TYPE="#921"/> | Ι | Greek capital letter iota |
| Κ | <ENTITY TYPE="#922"/> | Κ | Greek capital letter kappa |
| Λ | <ENTITY TYPE="#923"/> | Λ | Greek capital letter lambda |
| Μ | <ENTITY TYPE="#924"/> | Μ | Greek capital letter mu |
| Ν | <ENTITY TYPE="#925"/> | Ν | Greek capital letter nu |
| Ξ | <ENTITY TYPE="#926"/> | Ξ | Greek capital letter xi |
| Ο | <ENTITY TYPE="#927"/> | Ο | Greek capital letter omicron |
| Π | <ENTITY TYPE="#928"/> | Π | Greek capital letter pi |
| Ρ | <ENTITY TYPE="#929"/> | Ρ | Greek capital letter rho |
| Σ | <ENTITY TYPE="#931"/> | Σ | Greek capital letter sigma |
| Τ | <ENTITY TYPE="#932"/> | Τ | Greek capital letter tau |
| Υ | <ENTITY TYPE="#933"/> | Υ | Greek capital letter upsilon |
| Φ | <ENTITY TYPE="#934"/> | Φ | Greek capital letter phi |
| Χ | <ENTITY TYPE="#935"/> | Χ | Greek capital letter chi |
| Ψ | <ENTITY TYPE="#936"/> | Ψ | Greek capital letter psi |
| Ω | <ENTITY TYPE="#937"/> | Ω | Greek capital letter omega |
| α | <ENTITY TYPE="#945"/> | α | Greek small letter alpha |
| β | <ENTITY TYPE="#946"/> | β | Greek small letter beta |
| γ | <ENTITY TYPE="#947"/> | γ | Greek small letter gamma |
| δ | <ENTITY TYPE="#948"/> | δ | Greek small letter delta |
| ε | <ENTITY TYPE="#949"/> | ε | Greek small letter epsilon |
| ζ | <ENTITY TYPE="#950"/> | ζ | Greek small letter zeta |
| η | <ENTITY TYPE="#951"/> | η | Greek small letter eta |
| θ | <ENTITY TYPE="#952"/> | θ | Greek small letter theta |
| ι | <ENTITY TYPE="#953"/> | ι | Greek small letter iota |
| κ | <ENTITY TYPE="#954"/> | κ | Greek small letter kappa |
| λ | <ENTITY TYPE="#955"/> | λ | Greek small letter lambda |
| μ | <ENTITY TYPE="#956"/> | μ | Greek small letter mu |
| ν | <ENTITY TYPE="#957"/> | ν | Greek small letter nu |
| ξ | <ENTITY TYPE="#958"/> | ξ | Greek small letter xi |
| ο | <ENTITY TYPE="#959"/> | ο | Greek small letter omicron |
| π | <ENTITY TYPE="#960"/> | π | Greek small letter pi |
| ρ | <ENTITY TYPE="#961"/> | ρ | Greek small letter rho |
| ς | <ENTITY TYPE="#962"/> | ς | Greek small letter final sigma |
| σ | <ENTITY TYPE="#963"/> | σ | Greek small letter sigma |
| τ | <ENTITY TYPE="#964"/> | τ | Greek small letter tau |
| υ | <ENTITY TYPE="#965"/> | υ | Greek small letter upsilon |
| φ | <ENTITY TYPE="#966"/> | φ | Greek small letter phi |
| χ | <ENTITY TYPE="#967"/> | χ | Greek small letter chi |
| ψ | <ENTITY TYPE="#968"/> | ψ | Greek small letter psi |
| ω | <ENTITY TYPE="#969"/> | ω | Greek small letter omega |
| ϑ | <ENTITY TYPE="#977"/> | ϑ | Greek small letter theta symbol |
| ϒ | <ENTITY TYPE="#978"/> | ϒ | Greek upsilon with hook symbol |
| ϖ | <ENTITY TYPE="#982"/> | ϖ | Greek pi symbol |
Mathematical symbols
General Mathematical Symbols
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ¬ | <ENTITY TYPE="#172"/> | ¬ | Not sign |
| ± | <ENTITY TYPE="#177"/> | ± | Plus-or-minus sign |
| ¼ | <ENTITY TYPE="#188"/> | ¼ | Fraction one-quarter |
| ½ | <ENTITY TYPE="#189"/> | ½ | Fraction one-half |
| ¾ | <ENTITY TYPE="#190"/> | ¾ | Fraction three-quarters |
| ƒ | <ENTITY TYPE="#402"/> | ƒ | Latin small f with hook (function, florin) |
| ′ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8242"/> | ′ | Prime (minutes, feet) |
| ″ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8243"/> | ″ | Double prime (seconds, inches) |
| ‾ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8254"/> | ‾ | Overline |
| ⁄ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8260"/> | ⁄ | Fraction slash |
Letter-like Symbols
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ƒ | <ENTITY TYPE="#402"/> | ƒ | Latin small f with hook (function, florin) |
| ℘ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8472"/> | ℘ | Script capital P (power set, Weierstrass p) |
| ℑ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8465"/> | ℑ | Blackletter capital I (imaginary part) |
| ℜ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8476"/> | ℜ | Blackletter capital R (real part) |
| ™ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8482"/> | ™ | Trade mark sign |
| ℵ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8501"/> | ℵ | Aleph symbol (first transfinite cardinal) |
Arrows
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ← | <ENTITY TYPE="#8592"/> | ← | Left arrow |
| ↑ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8593"/> | ↑ | Up arrow |
| → | <ENTITY TYPE="#8594"/> | → | Right arrow |
| ↓ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8595"/> | ↓ | Down arrow |
| ↔ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8596"/> | ↔ | Left/right arrow |
| ↵ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8629"/> | ↵ | Down arrow with corner left (carriage return) |
| ⇐ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8656"/> | ⇐ | Left double arrow (is implied by) |
| ⇑ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8657"/> | ⇑ | Up double arrow |
| ⇒ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8658"/> | ⇒ | Right double arrow (implies) |
| ⇓ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8659"/> | ⇓ | Down double arrow |
| ⇔ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8660"/> | ⇔ | Left/right double arrow |
Mathematical Operators
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ∀ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8704"/> | ∀ | For all |
| ∂ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8706"/> | ∂ | Partial differential |
| ∃ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8707"/> | ∃ | There exists |
| ∅ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8709"/> | ∅ | Empty set (null set, diameter) |
| ∇ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8711"/> | ∇ | Nabla (backward difference) |
| ∈ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8712"/> | ∈ | Element of |
| ∉ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8713"/> | ∉ | Not an element of |
| ∋ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8715"/> | ∋ | Contains as member |
| ∏ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8719"/> | ∏ | N-ary product (product sign) |
| ∑ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8721"/> | ∑ | N-ary sumation |
| − | <ENTITY TYPE="#8722"/> | − | Minus sign |
| ∗ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8727"/> | ∗ | Asterisk operator |
| √ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8730"/> | √ | Square root (radical sign) |
| ∝ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8733"/> | ∝ | Proportional to |
| ∞ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8734"/> | ∞ | Infinity |
| ∠ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8736"/> | ∠ | Angle |
| ∧ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8743"/> | ∧ | Logical and (wedge) |
| ∨ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8744"/> | ∨ | Logical or (vee) |
| ∩ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8745"/> | ∩ | Intersection (cap) |
| ∪ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8746"/> | ∪ | Union (cup) |
| ∫ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8747"/> | ∫ | Integral |
| ∴ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8756"/> | ∴ | Therefore |
| ∼ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8764"/> | ∼ | Tilde operator (varies with, similar to) |
| ≅ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8773"/> | ≅ | Approximately equal to |
| ≈ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8776"/> | ≈ | Almost equal to (asymptotic to) |
| ≠ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8800"/> | ≠ | Not equal to |
| ≡ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8801"/> | ≡ | Identical to |
| ≤ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8804"/> | ≤ | Less-than or equal to |
| ≥ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8805"/> | ≥ | Greater-than or equal to |
| ⊂ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8834"/> | ⊂ | Subset of |
| ⊃ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8835"/> | ⊃ | Superset of |
| ⊄ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8836"/> | ⊄ | Not a subset of |
| ⊆ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8838"/> | ⊆ | Subset of or equal to |
| ⊇ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8839"/> | ⊇ | Superset of or equal to |
| ⊕ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8853"/> | ⊕ | Circled plus (direct sum) |
| ⊗ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8855"/> | ⊗ | Circled times (vector product) |
| ⊥ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8869"/> | ⊥ | Up tack (orthogonal to, perpendicular) |
| ⋅ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8901"/> | ⋅ | Dot operator |
Miscellaneous Technical Symbols
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ⌈ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8968"/> | ⌈ | Left ceiling |
| ⌉ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8969"/> | ⌉ | Right ceiling |
| ⌊ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8970"/> | ⌊ | Left floor |
| ⌋ | <ENTITY TYPE="#8971"/> | ⌋ | Right floor |
| ⟨ | <ENTITY TYPE="#9001"/> | 〈 | Left-pointing angle bracket |
| ⟩ | <ENTITY TYPE="#9002"/> | 〉 | Right-pointing angle bracket |
| ◊ | <ENTITY TYPE="#9674"/> | ◊ | Lozenge |
Miscellaneous Symbols
| Named Entity | ENTITY Tag | Character | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ♠ | <ENTITY TYPE="#9824"/> | ♠ | Black spade suit |
| ♣ | <ENTITY TYPE="#9827"/> | ♣ | Black club suit |
| ♥ | <ENTITY TYPE="#9829"/> | ♥ | Black heart suit |
| ♦ | <ENTITY TYPE="#9830"/> | ♦ | Black diamond suit |
