UNESCO was established in 1945 and published its first list of protected monuments in 1978. There are now over 800 World Heritage Sites, forming a comprehensive and expanding catalogue of world treasures. Yet at first there were just a dozen, giving a rather random scattering of global gold.

The 1978 version was never intended to be a definitive list - it multiplied in size the next year - and consequently is rather different to some of the more traditional lists of world wonders. Where other lists usually try to include everything, and are often therefore very 'samey' (the Taj Mahal, the Great Pyramid and so on), the original UNESCO list is a rather more eclectic scattering of worthy sites.

The selection seems to owe most to countries which had ratified the treaty. Not one single site came from Australasia/Oceania or Asia! Egypt, Greece and Italy could not manage a representative between them, and Britain had nothing until 1986.

The Original Sites

Numbers relate to the order the sites were discussed, so gaps appear where a site was rejected or held over for inclusion later.

1: Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

The site associated in legend with Charles Darwin's discovery of evolution by natural selection. It is also noted for its unique and endangered ecosystem and the many indigenous species of the islands, including giant tortoises, lizard and many birds. Around a dozen major islands make up the archipelago, along with numerous smaller islets.

Trapped between a volcanic hotspot and a tectonic plate subduction zone, the archipelago is slowly and continuously changing. The islands are formed in the west by volcanic activity, and are initially bare and rocky. The tectonic plate they are on is travelling east, taking the islands away from the hotspot. As they age, life takes root on them and the more easterly ones have more abundant vegetation and animal species. At the east end of the archipelago, the collision of the plate with the Nazca plate drags them downwards and they slowly sink into the sea, never to return.

2: City of Quito, Ecuador

Noted for its concrete cathedral and Rio-esque statue of Mary. Quito is situated on rolling hills high in the northern reaches of the Andes and has a well-preserved old quarter, with narrow winding streets that are mostly car-free (though motorcycle-infested). At an altitude of 2,800m, it is one of the highest capital cities in the world.

Quito was a Spanish provincial capital, and retains much colonial architecture. Prior to that, the site was occupied by an Inca city, though sadly nothing of this now remains.

3: Aachen Cathedral, Germany

Aachen is the oldest cathedral in Europe, and resting-place of Charlemagne. Quite a small building with an attached courtyard. The current structure is based around the Palatine Chapel, constructed during the late eighth Century.

Aachen Cathedral has a peculiar stone seat which is said to be the throne of Charlemagne. Scratched into the side of the seat is the grid of a Roman Tabula board - this was a game that Roman soldiers often used to play with counters and a board; it's the ancestor of Backgammon. But you can't play it when the board is vertical, as it is in the Aachen throne. This shows that the stone slab was once horizontal, and is in fact a Roman paving slab which was re-used to make the seat - an unlikely piece of recycling for the throne of an emperor!

4: L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, Canada

A Viking settlement. Since this is an archaeological site, there is not a great deal for the casual visitor to see. A handful of reconstructed Viking buildings may be toured by the public, but this site is of primarily academic rather than tourist value.

Located in Newfoundland, it is the site of the only Viking village found in North America outside Greenland. Given the site's proximity to mainland America, it proves that the Vikings discovered the New World a thousand years ago. It is by far the oldest European settlement in the Americas.

9: Simien National Park, Ethiopia

Water-hewn cliffs and rare species. The Simien Mountains in the Gondar region of Ethiopia are noted for their jagged, colourful peaks and sparse, brushy vegetation. It is one of the great trekking centres of the region.

Simien contains many indiginous species, including the Ethiopian wolf, Gelada Baboon, and the Walia Ibex. Recent declines in the numbers of these creatures have caused the site to be added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in danger.

18: Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela, Ethiopia

Pretty self-explanatory. The churches, as they say, were always there but humans needed to cut away all the bits of rock that weren't church. They are sunk into the ground, so they must be accessed by narrow stairs, and are truly unlike any other religious architecture.

Lalibela is said to have been constructed as an imitation of Jerusalem, following that city's capture by Muslims in 1187. The dozen rock-hewn churches are generally believed to be a few centuries more modern than this¹.

24: Nahanni National Park, Canada

Pretty pretty. Splitting the UNESCO numbers can't disguise the fact that Canada seems to have sneaked in two sites that - though no doubt worthy in themselves - would rarely trouble most lists of the top 12 most important cultural sites in the world. The Mackenzie Mountains are sliced open by the Naha Dehé (South Nahanni River), leaving a series of great gorges and rapids.

Only accesible by air, and with less than a thousand visitors annualy, Nahanni is by far the least-visited of the original sites. The highest falls in North America, Virginia Falls, are within the park. At 90 metres, they are more than twice the height of Niagara.

26: Island of Goree, Senegal

Former slaving post. Goree serves as a reminder that human cultural history is as much filled with things that we feel we should be reminded of even though we would rather not be, as it is with things we are pleased to remember for all time. Densely populated by 1,000 people, crammed into just 45 acres, this tiny island just off the coast of Dakar has a clutch of museums and relics of the slave trade.

It is officially part of the city of Dakar.

27: Mesa Verde National Park, USA

Mesa Verde is known for its Pueblo ruins. One of the very few well-known archaeological sites in the USA, Mesa Verde was ruined long before European settlers arrived. The dry-stone remains, sheltered under cliff walls, were long considered mysterious - how could a civilisation have arisen in such a barren region, and what could have wiped it out? Modern ideas suggest that it was overpopulation and over use of resources that turned the area into the desert it is today.

The Anasazi people who built these dwellings were incidental to the plot of the long-running 90s TV series The X Files.

28: Yellowstone National Park, USA

Still the only UNESCO site to have been parodied in a major cartoon series. Yellowstone National Park, centred on Yellowstone Lake, is noted for it volcanic coloured springs and thermal geysers - notably 'Old Faithful'. Yellowstone was the first area in the US designated a National Park.

Yellowstone is also the only UNESCO site with the potential to wipe out humanity. Sitting on top of a dormant supervolcano, it is one of the world's largest volcano systems. When this erupted 2.1 million years ago, it covered approximately one third of what is now the United States in ash. If such an eruption were to happen again, it would certainly mean the end of all life in the United States, and the global effects would probably destroy all civilisation on Earth. Fortunately, the probability of a large caldera-forming eruption within the next few thousand years is exceedingly low.

29: Krakow's Historic Centre, Poland

Spit 'n' Polish. Left largely untouched by the World Wars of the 20th Century that devastated many other European cities, the former Polish capital of Krakow includes the Old Town, Kazimierz (the Jewish quarter) and Wawel Castle. It has many buildings of historic and artistic interest, as well as a spacious Market Square.

Krakow is steeped in mythology. It is said to have been founded by Prince Krak on the site of his battle with a dragon. Wawel Hill is said to be one of the seven sites where stones thrown by the Hindu god Shiva landed. Finally, the hejnal - an ancient alarm call - is played from the tower of St Mary's Church every day, stopping abruptly in commemoration of a bugler who was shot in the throat by a Tartar archer in 1242.

32: Wieliczka Salt Mine, Poland

Though strangely the vinegar lake never made it onto the list. Wieliczka is perhaps not as widely known as it deserves to be, but is none the less a true wonder of the world. Hundreds of metres below the surface, salt miners carved for themselves a wonderful array of (mostly religious) architecture and decorations from the living rock.

Decorations include sculptures and bas-reliefs. The mine remained in operation from the 12th Century until 1996. A small fraction of it is now open as a tourist route, and it receives well over a million visitors each year.

Comments

It is notable that five countries have two monuments each, whereas only two countries have a single site². Five of the sites are primarily natural, against six that are architectural. Just one is of primarily archaeological value; all are reasonably accessible by (and enjoyable for) casual tourists.

In terms of geography, North America has four sites, Europe and Africa three each, and South America two.