Tibetan History, A Brief Chronology
Created | Updated Feb 24, 2008
This chronology was prepared by
Chaiwallah.
- 416 BC - Nyari Tsenpo founds first Tibetan dynasty in Yarlung valley.
- 602 AD - Namri Songtsen, lord of Yarlung, becomes the first king of a unified Tibet.
- 620-49 - Reign of King Songtsen Gampo; Tibet grows into an empire.
- 641 - Songtsen Gampo marries his second of many wives, Chinese Princess Wengchen.
- 670 - Prolonged warfare between Tibet and Tang China begins.
- 763 - Tibet captures Changan, the Tang capital; tribute paid to Tibet. Tibetan king invites Buddhist teachers from India and China.
- 792 - Exponents of Indian and Chinese Buddhism debate at Samye monastery.
- 821 - China-Tibet Peace Treaty: 'Tibetans shall be happy in Tibet and Chinese shall be happy in China.'
- 842 - King Langdarma assassinated; Tibet splits into several states.
- 1073 - Sakya monastery founded; start of Red Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism.
- 1206 - Chingis Khan elected first ruler of united Mongol clans.
- 1234 - Mongols led by Ogodai Khagan defeat Junchen and conquer north China.
- 1247 - Grand Lama of Sakya submits to Mongols; beginning of priest/patron relationship between lama and khan.
- 1261 - Tibet reunited with the Grand Lama of Sakya as king.
- 1279 - Final defeat of Sung by Mongols; Mongol conquest of China complete.
- 1350 - King Changchub Gyaltsen ousts Sakya and founds a new secular dynasty.
- 1368 - China regains its independence from the Mongols under Ming dynasty.
- 1409 - Tibetan monk Tsongkhapa founds the Gelugpa (or Yellow Hat) sect.
- 1578 - Gelugpa leader receives the title of 'Dalai Lama' from Altan Khan.
- 1640 - Gushri Khan, leader of Qoshot Mongols, invades and conquers Tibet.
- 1642 - Gushri Khan enthrones the 5th Dalai Lama as temporal ruler of Tibet.
- 1644 - Manchu overthrow Ming, conquer China, and establish the Qing dynasty.
- 1653 - 'Great Fifth' Dalai Lama meets Qing Emperor Shunzhi near Beijing.
- 1682 - Fifth Dalai Lama dies; death is concealed for the next 14 years.
- 1717 - Dzungar Mongols invade Tibet and sack Lhasa; 5th DL's tomb looted.
- 1720 - Qing forces drive out Dzungars and install Kesang Gyatso as 7th DL.
- 1721 - Qing emperor declares Tibet a tributary state; first Ambans sent.
- 1724 - A Qing territorial government is created for Kokonor (Amdo).
- 1792 - Qing troops enter Tibet to drive out Gorkha (Nepalese) invaders. A ban on visitation by non-Chinese foreigners is imposed.
- 1854-56 - Nepal defeats Tibet; peace treaty requires Tibet to pay tribute.
- 1904 - British troops under Colonel Younghusband enter Tibet and occupy Lhasa.
- 1910-12 - A Qing army led by General Zhao Erfeng invades and occupies Tibet.
- 1911 - The Urga Living Buddha proclaims the independence of Mongolia.
- 1912 - Last Qing emperor abdicates; Republic of China claims Mongolia, Tibet.
- 1913 - Dalai Lama proclaims Tibet independent; paper money and coins issued. Mongolia and Tibet conclude a treaty of mutual recognition. 1914 Britain and Tibet agree to McMahon Line in a treaty signed in Simla.
- 1915 - Three way treaty between Russia, China, and Mongolia signed at Khiakta.
- 1918 - Tibetan army, led by British-trained officers, defeats Chinese army. Tibet and China sign a peace treaty; China refuses to ratify treaty.
- 1919-21 - Mongolia occupied by a pro-Japanese faction of the Chinese army.
- 1921 - Ungern Sternberg's White Russians oust Chinese and conquer Mongolia. Soviet army and pro-Soviet Mongols drive Whites out of Mongolia.
- 1921 - Soviets recognise Mongolia with Living Buddha restored as monarch.
- 1924 - Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed; Urga is renamed Ulan Bator.Chinese President Sun Yat-sen Calls for 'self-determination for all national minorities under Chinese rule.'
- 1928 - Chiang Kaishek defeats the northern warlords and reunites China.
- 1931 - Tibet gains territory in fighting with China; truce is signed.
- 1933 - 13th Dalai Lama dies; Reting Rimpoche selected as Tibetan regent.
- 1937 - Britain publishes Simla Convention and begins enforcing McMahon Line.
- 1940 - 14th Dalai Lama is enthroned; Chinese delegation attends ceremony.
- 1941 - Reting is replaced as regent by Taktra; the two secretly agree to rotate office between them.
- 1942 - US army officer presents young Dalai Lama with letter from US President F.D.Roosevelt.
- 1943 - Britain affirms that Tibet is 'already self-governing and determined to retain [its] independence'.
- 1946 - The Republic of China recognises the Mongolian People's Republic.
- 1947 - British mission in Lhasa transferred to a newly independent India. Reting is arrested for plotting to assassinate Regent Taktra. Former Regent Reting dies in prison, apparently poisoned.
- 1947-49 - Tibetan Trade Mission travels to India, Britain, U.S., and China; the mission is received by the British Prime Minister Attlee.
- 1949 - People's Republic of China is proclaimed by Chinese Communist Party. New Chinese government affirms recognition of Mongolia.
- 1950 - Red China invades Tibet; Tibetan army destroyed in battle at Chamdo.
- 1951 - 17 Point Agreement between China and Tibet( guarantees Tibetan autonomy and the Dalai Lama's position ). Chinese occupy Lhasa.
- 1955 - Kham is detached from Tibet and administered directly by the CCP.
- 1956 - Tibetans in Kham and Qinghai (Amdo) begin revolt against CCP rule.
- 1957 - The United States begins to arm the Tibetan resistance via CIA.
- 1959 - Anti-Chinese revolt spreads to Lhasa; 14th Dalai Lama forced to flee to India. UN General Assembly led by Irish Foreign Minister Aiken passes resolution on Tibet.
- 1960 - A report by the International Commission of Jurists concludes that,'acts of genocide [have] been committed in Tibet in an attempt to destroy the Tibetans as a religious group'.
- 1960-62 - Tibet experiences its first famine as grain is seized by the PLA during China's disastrous Great Leap Forward, leading to deaths estimated between 30 and 60 million.
- 1961 - UN General Assembly passes second resolution affirming Tibet's right to self-determination.
- 1962 - China-India War: China advances beyond McMahon Line, then withdraws.
- 1963 - The Tibetan Government-in-Exile writes a democratic constitution for a future liberated Tibet.
- 1965 - China sets up Tibet Autonomous Region in U'Tsang and western Kham. UN general Assembly passes third resolution affirming Tibet's right to self-determination.
- 1966-69 - Cultural Revolution: Red Guards rampage destroys most of the remaining Tibetan temples and monasteries.
- 1969 - Fighting among Red Guard factions; PLA intervenes to restore order.
- 1971 - The United States cuts off military aid to the Tibetan resistance.
- 1974 - Nepal forces the Tibetan resistance to leave its base in Mustang.
- 1979 - China allows delegation from Government-in-exile to visit Tibet.
- 1980 - CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang visits Tibet and promises to 'restore the Tibetan economy to its pre-1959 level'.
- 1982 - Solzhenitsyn calls the CCP regime in Tibet 'more brutal and inhuman than any other communist regime in the world'.
- 1987 - Police fire on a massive pro-independence demonstration in Lhasa. Dalai Lama outlines 5-point Peace Plan for Tibetan self-government within China.
- 1988 - Qiao Shi, China's security chief, visits Tibet and vows to 'adopt a policy of merciless repression'. In Strasbourg, France, Dalai Lama elaborates Peace Plan.
- 1989 - Dalai Lama receives Nobel Peace Prize. Chinese kill over 100 Tibetans in Lhasa riots. Martial Law imposed in March. (Tiananmen Square massacre, Beijing in June.)
- 1990 - Martial Law lifted after 13 months.
- 1992 - China declares Tibet 'open' to foreign investment. Chen Kuiyuan is named CCP leader for Tibet and calls for a purge of those party members who 'act as internal agents of the Dalai Lama clique'.
- 1993 - Residents of Lhasa protest against price increases and the charging of fees for formally free medical services.
- 1994 - Potala Palace, DL's traditional residence, is restored and reopened.
- 1995 - China denounces the six-year old boy recognised by the Dalai Lama as the 11th Panchen Lama, and imposes its own candidate.
- 1996 - China bans the displaying of photographs of the Dalai Lama.
- 1997 - The Dalai Lama is invited to visit Taiwan for the first time.
- 2002 - China seems to relax its strangle hold on Tibet, releasing six high-profile Tibetan political prisoners and permitting the Dalai Lama's elder brother, Gyalo Thundup, to make a private visit to Tibet to meet officials.
- 2003 - The Dalai Lama's envoys return to China to resume negotiations.
- 2004 - Lodi Gyaltsen Gyari returns to China to continue talks.
- 2007 - His Holiness the Dalai Lama receives the Congressional Gold Medal, America's highest civilian award.