Tibetan History, A Brief Chronology

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This chronology was prepared by
Chaiwallah.

  • 416 BC - Nyari Tsenpo founds first Tibetan dynasty in Yarlung valley.
  • 602 AD - Namri Songtsen, lord of Yarlung, becomes the first king of a unified Tibet.
  • 620-49 - Reign of King Songtsen Gampo; Tibet grows into an empire.
  • 641 - Songtsen Gampo marries his second of many wives, Chinese Princess Wengchen.
  • 670 - Prolonged warfare between Tibet and Tang China begins.
  • 763 - Tibet captures Changan, the Tang capital; tribute paid to Tibet. Tibetan king invites Buddhist teachers from India and China.
  • 792 - Exponents of Indian and Chinese Buddhism debate at Samye monastery.
  • 821 - China-Tibet Peace Treaty: 'Tibetans shall be happy in Tibet and Chinese shall be happy in China.'
  • 842 - King Langdarma assassinated; Tibet splits into several states.
  • 1073 - Sakya monastery founded; start of Red Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism.
  • 1206 - Chingis Khan elected first ruler of united Mongol clans.
  • 1234 - Mongols led by Ogodai Khagan defeat Junchen and conquer north China.
  • 1247 - Grand Lama of Sakya submits to Mongols; beginning of priest/patron relationship between lama and khan.
  • 1261 - Tibet reunited with the Grand Lama of Sakya as king.
  • 1279 - Final defeat of Sung by Mongols; Mongol conquest of China complete.
  • 1350 - King Changchub Gyaltsen ousts Sakya and founds a new secular dynasty.
  • 1368 - China regains its independence from the Mongols under Ming dynasty.
  • 1409 - Tibetan monk Tsongkhapa founds the Gelugpa (or Yellow Hat) sect.
  • 1578 - Gelugpa leader receives the title of 'Dalai Lama' from Altan Khan.
  • 1640 - Gushri Khan, leader of Qoshot Mongols, invades and conquers Tibet.
  • 1642 - Gushri Khan enthrones the 5th Dalai Lama as temporal ruler of Tibet.
  • 1644 - Manchu overthrow Ming, conquer China, and establish the Qing dynasty.
  • 1653 - 'Great Fifth' Dalai Lama meets Qing Emperor Shunzhi near Beijing.
  • 1682 - Fifth Dalai Lama dies; death is concealed for the next 14 years.
  • 1717 - Dzungar Mongols invade Tibet and sack Lhasa; 5th DL's tomb looted.
  • 1720 - Qing forces drive out Dzungars and install Kesang Gyatso as 7th DL.
  • 1721 - Qing emperor declares Tibet a tributary state; first Ambans sent.
  • 1724 - A Qing territorial government is created for Kokonor (Amdo).
  • 1792 - Qing troops enter Tibet to drive out Gorkha (Nepalese) invaders. A ban on visitation by non-Chinese foreigners is imposed.
  • 1854-56 - Nepal defeats Tibet; peace treaty requires Tibet to pay tribute.
  • 1904 - British troops under Colonel Younghusband enter Tibet and occupy Lhasa.
  • 1910-12 - A Qing army led by General Zhao Erfeng invades and occupies Tibet.
  • 1911 - The Urga Living Buddha proclaims the independence of Mongolia.
  • 1912 - Last Qing emperor abdicates; Republic of China claims Mongolia, Tibet.
  • 1913 - Dalai Lama proclaims Tibet independent; paper money and coins issued. Mongolia and Tibet conclude a treaty of mutual recognition. 1914 Britain and Tibet agree to McMahon Line in a treaty signed in Simla.
  • 1915 - Three way treaty between Russia, China, and Mongolia signed at Khiakta.
  • 1918 - Tibetan army, led by British-trained officers, defeats Chinese army. Tibet and China sign a peace treaty; China refuses to ratify treaty.
  • 1919-21 - Mongolia occupied by a pro-Japanese faction of the Chinese army.
  • 1921 - Ungern Sternberg's White Russians oust Chinese and conquer Mongolia. Soviet army and pro-Soviet Mongols drive Whites out of Mongolia.
  • 1921 - Soviets recognise Mongolia with Living Buddha restored as monarch.
  • 1924 - Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed; Urga is renamed Ulan Bator.Chinese President Sun Yat-sen Calls for 'self-determination for all national minorities under Chinese rule.'
  • 1928 - Chiang Kaishek defeats the northern warlords and reunites China.
  • 1931 - Tibet gains territory in fighting with China; truce is signed.
  • 1933 - 13th Dalai Lama dies; Reting Rimpoche selected as Tibetan regent.
  • 1937 - Britain publishes Simla Convention and begins enforcing McMahon Line.
  • 1940 - 14th Dalai Lama is enthroned; Chinese delegation attends ceremony.
  • 1941 - Reting is replaced as regent by Taktra; the two secretly agree to rotate office between them.
  • 1942 - US army officer presents young Dalai Lama with letter from US President F.D.Roosevelt.
  • 1943 - Britain affirms that Tibet is 'already self-governing and determined to retain [its] independence'.
  • 1946 - The Republic of China recognises the Mongolian People's Republic.
  • 1947 - British mission in Lhasa transferred to a newly independent India. Reting is arrested for plotting to assassinate Regent Taktra. Former Regent Reting dies in prison, apparently poisoned.
  • 1947-49 - Tibetan Trade Mission travels to India, Britain, U.S., and China; the mission is received by the British Prime Minister Attlee.
  • 1949 - People's Republic of China is proclaimed by Chinese Communist Party. New Chinese government affirms recognition of Mongolia.
  • 1950 - Red China invades Tibet; Tibetan army destroyed in battle at Chamdo.
  • 1951 - 17 Point Agreement between China and Tibet( guarantees Tibetan autonomy and the Dalai Lama's position ). Chinese occupy Lhasa.
  • 1955 - Kham is detached from Tibet and administered directly by the CCP.
  • 1956 - Tibetans in Kham and Qinghai (Amdo) begin revolt against CCP rule.
  • 1957 - The United States begins to arm the Tibetan resistance via CIA.
  • 1959 - Anti-Chinese revolt spreads to Lhasa; 14th Dalai Lama forced to flee to India. UN General Assembly led by Irish Foreign Minister Aiken passes resolution on Tibet.
  • 1960 - A report by the International Commission of Jurists concludes that,'acts of genocide [have] been committed in Tibet in an attempt to destroy the Tibetans as a religious group'.
  • 1960-62 - Tibet experiences its first famine as grain is seized by the PLA during China's disastrous Great Leap Forward, leading to deaths estimated between 30 and 60 million.
  • 1961 - UN General Assembly passes second resolution affirming Tibet's right to self-determination.
  • 1962 - China-India War: China advances beyond McMahon Line, then withdraws.
  • 1963 - The Tibetan Government-in-Exile writes a democratic constitution for a future liberated Tibet.
  • 1965 - China sets up Tibet Autonomous Region in U'Tsang and western Kham. UN general Assembly passes third resolution affirming Tibet's right to self-determination.
  • 1966-69 - Cultural Revolution: Red Guards rampage destroys most of the remaining Tibetan temples and monasteries.
  • 1969 - Fighting among Red Guard factions; PLA intervenes to restore order.
  • 1971 - The United States cuts off military aid to the Tibetan resistance.
  • 1974 - Nepal forces the Tibetan resistance to leave its base in Mustang.
  • 1979 - China allows delegation from Government-in-exile to visit Tibet.
  • 1980 - CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang visits Tibet and promises to 'restore the Tibetan economy to its pre-1959 level'.
  • 1982 - Solzhenitsyn calls the CCP regime in Tibet 'more brutal and inhuman than any other communist regime in the world'.
  • 1987 - Police fire on a massive pro-independence demonstration in Lhasa. Dalai Lama outlines 5-point Peace Plan for Tibetan self-government within China.
  • 1988 - Qiao Shi, China's security chief, visits Tibet and vows to 'adopt a policy of merciless repression'. In Strasbourg, France, Dalai Lama elaborates Peace Plan.
  • 1989 - Dalai Lama receives Nobel Peace Prize. Chinese kill over 100 Tibetans in Lhasa riots. Martial Law imposed in March. (Tiananmen Square massacre, Beijing in June.)
  • 1990 - Martial Law lifted after 13 months.
  • 1992 - China declares Tibet 'open' to foreign investment. Chen Kuiyuan is named CCP leader for Tibet and calls for a purge of those party members who 'act as internal agents of the Dalai Lama clique'.
  • 1993 - Residents of Lhasa protest against price increases and the charging of fees for formally free medical services.
  • 1994 - Potala Palace, DL's traditional residence, is restored and reopened.
  • 1995 - China denounces the six-year old boy recognised by the Dalai Lama as the 11th Panchen Lama, and imposes its own candidate.
  • 1996 - China bans the displaying of photographs of the Dalai Lama.
  • 1997 - The Dalai Lama is invited to visit Taiwan for the first time.
  • 2002 - China seems to relax its strangle hold on Tibet, releasing six high-profile Tibetan political prisoners and permitting the Dalai Lama's elder brother, Gyalo Thundup, to make a private visit to Tibet to meet officials.
  • 2003 - The Dalai Lama's envoys return to China to resume negotiations.
  • 2004 - Lodi Gyaltsen Gyari returns to China to continue talks.
  • 2007 - His Holiness the Dalai Lama receives the Congressional Gold Medal, America's highest civilian award.

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