THE CYCLIC UNIVERSE

THE CYCLIC UNIVERSE
The idea of a cyclic Universe originated in India where the rishis, or sages, talked of the Days and Nights of Brahma. The days lasted 4.5 Billion years and the nights, during which the Universe slept in Pralaya, lasted seven eternities. Their ultimate symbol for the beginning and end of the Universe was a circle. If one equates this to Arthur Eddington’s idea of the end of the Universe as The Heat Death, in which energy was equipartitioned, then the Universe can be imagined as finally assuming the shape of a doughnut in circular motion. The uniform motion of the particles then creates a state of minimum pressure and temperature for the kinetic energy possessed by the particles. Such uniformity in shape and motion could persist for a long time, which is why the rishis spelt out no fixed time for its existence.

However, all good things must come to an end, and in time the least deviation from the plane of circularity would become large enough to cause the circle to wobble in the third dimension. The circle buckles and eventually collapses into a figure 8. At the crossing point of the figure vortices are created in a chaotic disruption of the former uniformity of motion. Each vortex will then in time become a Galaxy, within Galaxies star systems will be born, and eventually planetary systems around individual stars as they condense out of the nebular gases.

Groups of Galaxies will tend to drift outwards along the four axes stemming from the crossing point of the seminal figure 8, partaking in a generalized expansion.

There is no Big Bang envisioned in this Indian scheme for it does not fit into the sublime evolutionary process conjured up in the meditations of the rishis. It is a gradual awakening, an unfolding of the ordered slumber of Pralaya, into the activity of a new day. Gone is the need to postulate a singularity, or the need to disregard the laws of physics to imagine the rapid expansion of an inflationary theory. All proceeds in an ordered sequence confined within the boundaries of common sense.

The Universe never loses its overall rotation; it pivots around the central mass of the Galaxies, which extend in long arms as we see in the Huchra Wedge. The cosmic background radiation which was once thought to show a uniform radiation from all directions was thought to be a measure of the cooling that had taken place since the Big Bang. It is now thought to show variations indicating movement of the background in different directions. There is also a generalised anisotropy indicating that our local group of Galaxies has a high velocity towards one region that appears to have no large excess of matter, and away from another region in the opposite direction. Alternative explanations can be advanced from the results seen. The generalised background of radiation need not be from the Universe cooling down but could be from it heating up prior to a final state of complete entropy. The motion of our group of Galaxies is consistent with the existence of a cosmic vortex, where they are overtaking an outer arm of the vortex and in turn pulling away from another portion of the same arm.

Other evidence pointing to the possibility of a Heat Death as part of the cyclic behaviour of the Cosmos is the recent discovery that the expansion of the Universe is speeding up, rather than slowing down as one might have expected if it was the result of an explosive Big Bang. An increase in entropy with time means that useful energy given out by stars and stored in regions populated by Dark Matter gradually decreases. At first the decrease is linear, but as useful energy forms a smaller proportion of the whole, the graph of the rate at which expansion is occurring will be represented as an upward curve like the proverbial hockey stick. Such a graph depicts an exponential curve, the natural law of growth. This same law defines the way in which the vortices of tornadoes and hurricanes behave, not to mention all other vortices in nature and cosmology. This explains their characteristic inwards curl resembling a figure 6. The centre of the vortex or cyclone will be a point of low pressure due to the gases circling at high velocity in uniform motion. The contracting action of the vortex generates an inward attraction which can be proposed as the basis for the attracting force of gravity. It is a much simpler formulation than the Tensor Calculus of General Relativity, while at the same time explaining the orbital angular momentum of planetary bodies. However, the diminished central pressure cannot account for the formation of anything like a singularity at the heart of a Cosmic Vortex. The essence of a Cyclic Universe however is that two inverse processes are at work at the heart of the Cosmic Vortex to induce the opening and closing sequences. In the final phase of the Heat Death the gaseous, high energy Dark Matter is drawn into the centre of the vortex and cooled to the point where is passes into the pseudo liquid form, which consists of the formation of strings acting as lines of force. The energy given out in this phase results in the heating of normal matter, as occurs in the centre of stars and to a lesser extent in planets. The stars and planets then fade away under the influence of the weak force of radioactive decay until only single particles remain frozen into the cold Dark Matter, all moving in the circular fashion of the doughnut as already described..

Copyright © Keith Wakelam 2008-10-04

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