The Introduction

The Introduction starts in the reign of Henry VIII and details the events surrounding John Paslew, the last abbot of Whalley. As a younger man he had been tempted into an act of gross cruelty. When his prospects of replacing the old abbot were seemingly thwarted by another young monk, Borlace Alvetham, he accused him of witchcraft, quite an easy form of deception seeing as Borlace was undertaking 'occult studies'. This resulted in the poor young man being walled up in a 'hell hole' below the abbey and left to rot. These facts
are not revealed, however, until near the end of the Introduction when Abbot Paslew is awaiting execution for participating in the so-called 'Pilgrimage of Grace', an uprising formed by die-hard Catholics against the Head of the Church, Henry VIII. Whilst attempting to defeat the Kings' men he had been betrayed by a man going by the name 'Nicholas Demdike'. Acknowledged as a wizard by many, Demdike gave Paslew the opportunity to save himself and admit his former sins. Paslew refused, was apprehended and sentenced to hang.

As most men thereabouts were still committed to the Catholic faith an executioner proved difficult to find, so Demdike volunteered himself for the task. The night before the execution he revealed himself as the luckless monk Alvethem and told how he had escaped his fate by making a
pact with the devil. He had made a new life for himself, taken a wife, Bess Blackburn and sired a daughter. Horrified by these revelations Paslew still refuses to grant him pardon and, on his way to the scaffold, curses Demdike, his wife, his child and his descendants for evermore. Demdike's wife is mortified by this and falls dead of fright but, despite more entreaties, Paslew refuses to retract his curse
and is hanged. The child is spirited away by a miller's wife and Nicholas Demdike supervises the removal of Paslew's body to its last resting place, but he is crushed by a huge statue of Saint Gregory de Northbury, pushed onto him by a sympathiser of the Abbot.

Book I: Alizon Device

Time now moves forward three generations and the whole of this book is devoted to May Day. Alizon Device, a beautiful, kindly, religious girl is to be Queen of the May. Helping her to prepare is her small sister, Jennet, who is described in detail as small, deformed, with eyes oddly set in her face. Her mother, Elizabeth, and brother, Jem, are also in attendance and all are looking forward to the hospitality
offered by Sir Ralph Assheton, the Lord of Whalley Manor. Also to be present (amongst many others!) are his cousins; Nicholas Assheton of Downham, the Reverend Abdias Assheton, rector of Middleton, Richard and Dorothy Assheton of Middleton Hall and a distant relative, Alice Nutter. We are treated to quite lengthy descriptions of the peoples and
surroundings, including a tantalising hint that Alice Nutter may well have murdered her husband, and whisked quickly into the fun of the village celebrations.

We are then introduced to a visiting London attorney, Thomas Potts, who has been hired to offer assistance to a local Justice of the Peace, Roger Nowell, in his boundary dispute with Mistress Nutter. Potts seems far more interested in tales of witchcraft than he does in dispensing the law. When a notorious old hag, Mother Chattox, puts in an appearance he cannot help but be drawn into speculation about her powers. Soon the whole assembly is involved and, encouraged by Jem
Device, grandson of Chattox' rival Mother Demdike, it looks likely that Potts will get his wish to bring a witch to book. Old Mother Chattox, however, makes good her escape and her poor granddaughter, the comely Nan Redferne, is captured and eventually subjected to the ordeal of ducking in her place. When Jem makes a mistake and loosens the rope from which Nan dangles, plunging her instantly into the river and proving her innocence, she is quickly rescued by Richard and Nicholas.

Undeterred, the crowd recommence their revels. In the midst of all this jollity Richard meets Alizon and immediately falls in love with her. He encourages his sister, Dorothy, to strike up a friendship with Alizon and we break away from the merriment and follow the two girls when they decide to take a walk to a nearby ruin - the Conventual
Church. Here they meet Mother Chattox again who tells them that Alizon is no child of Elizabeth Device - daughter of Old Mother Demdike. Indeed, once the action has moved into the manor house, this revelation is proved when Alice Nutter owns to being her mother and offers to remove her instantly from the clutches of that 'nest of vipers', the Device family. Who could remotely think that such a fair maid could be related to those dark, malformed creatures?

As May Day (and book one) draws to a close we are treated to a few supernatural events. The author introduces the beautiful votaress, Isole de Heton, into the story. She lived during the reign of Henry VI, had been thoroughly corrupted and died a violent death. After everyone has fed and drank to excess, the dancing starts and Sir Nicholas insists that he is dancing with this long-dead nun. Oddly enough, most
revellers only see him dancing alone but Mistress Nutter describes the nun in great detail.

This all proves too much for Alizon and Dorothy who ask to retire for the night. They do so but Dorothy, unable to sleep, creeps into the room set aside for Alice Nutter and Alizon. She spies the former up to
no good and the latter in a drug-induced daze. Once Alice has disappeared into thin air Dorothy, rather stupidly, drinks some of the liquid found in a phial left behind. She instantly becomes euphoric and administers some to Alizon. Bad move! Dorothy repeats the words Eman hetan which she overheard Alice utter and they are both whisked off to a full-blown witches sabbath taking place in the ruins of the Conventual Church.

Here we meet Mother Mould-Heels, Mother Chattox, Nan Redfearne, Elizabeth Device and a host of other characters including a ghostly train of monks, Abbot Paslew and Isole de Heton. Most terrifying for Alizon, though, is the revelation that her newly-proclaimed mother, Alice Nutter, is queen of them all.

The climax of the night is to be the induction of a new witch into the coven. Elizabeth Device is horrified to see her young daughter, Jennet, led forward as she had hoped to spare her from becoming a witch. After much manoevering and disruption Jennet is spared and Dorothy is called forth to take unholy orders. She is saved at the last moment by Alizon forcing her to her knees and praying 'Gracious Heaven! Deliver us'. The sabbath instantly disbands and a search
party soon finds the girls, tired and damp, but safe. The rescuers were led by Mistress Nutter - had it all been a dream, after all?

Book II: Pendle Forest

This part deals with events which take place the very next day. The Asshetons and their guests are preparing to settle the border dispute between Alice Nutter and Roger Nowell. After an interminable time spent over breakfast, they ride forth and, apart from conversations with locals met along the way who are questioned closely by Thomas Potts about manifestations of witchcraft, the morning passes quite uneventfully. They are surprised to meet with a man who seems to be the double of Potts and, infact, claims to be his long lost brother who is now reeve of the forest, but any suspicion over this stranger is forgotten when they find a pedlar struck down by a mysterious malady. The party carry him to a little hostel at Goldshaw village which is run by one of the most colourful characters encountered thus far. This is Bess Whitaker or 'Bess o' th' Booth' and she stands out as a fiercesome woman who is quite capable of standing up to peasants, lords, witches or wizards - she takes nonsense from no-one and runs her inn with a rod of iron.

She is shocked to see the return of the afflicted pedlar who had left her door hale and hearty only a few hours previous. She
tells how it is a sad day for the village as the local miller buries his daughter, reputed to have been cursed to death by Mother Demdike. Ironically, as the miller enters the inn in preparation for the funeral, the sexton is caught by Richard Assheton handing over body parts from graves to Mother Chattox. He attempts to arrest her but she escapes, seemingly with the help of the reeve of the forest.

Further action is now halted as the chirurgeon, Master Sudall, summoned to attend to the stricken pedlar, relates the rivalries between the various witch factions in the area, specifically the great hatred between Mother Chattox and Mother Demdike. This leads into the haunting tale of Malkin Tower¹ which was once occupied by a band of robbers led by the freebooter Blackburn. It was he who seduced Isole de Heton and sired a daughter by her who eventually became the wife of Nicholas Demdike. Isole bargained with the devil and sold her soul for five years of beauty. When the five years were up she willingly submitted to death but not before sending her husband mad and dragging him down too. Entrance to the tower is only possible via a rope ladder let down from a door set high in the tower and very few could gain access, leading to
speculation that it is impregnable.

The return of Richard, without Mother Chattox, signals the start of the funeral and the Assheton party move on to begin the 'Perambulation of the Boundaries. A great deal of discussion centres around the legal definitions of words such as 'mark', 'mere' and 'boundaries' and whether they are permanent or moveable. Suffice it to say that, unless you are a scholar of ancient law, this part really is the dullest bit
of the book! What is apparent, however, is that the marks as found on the map drawn up by Nowell have somehow relocated and correspond exactly to those on the map made by Alice Nutter.

When they are almost through with the survey they meet Jem Device and Potts questions him closely as to the lie of the land surrounding his nearby cottage which is, coveniently, just out of view. Jem makes a total mess of it and effectively betrays Alice Nutter as a witch capable of moving mountains, ancient marker stones and streams².

This heralds a shift in pace as plans are made to bring Mistress Nutter to justice. The Asshetons decide to confront their kinswoman and, having done so, are convinced that she is innocent. Potts seizes the opportunity to start a general witch hunt and organises a great party of ne'er-do-wells to assault not only the Nutter house but eventually Malkin Tower. The first attempt fails but results in Nowell being injured by the hounds released by Blackadder, Alice Nutter's
manservant. Displaying breathless stupidity, considering they think her a witch, they accept her offer to enter the house under truce. Just as Richard learns from Alizon that her mother is, infact, a witch, Alice creates a double of Nowell, revealing that she had earlier played the same trick on Potts, and confronts him with it to torment and tempt him. She casts a spell over him and he agrees to drop all the charges. Potts and Parson Holden see that he is bewitched and Holden, by dint of the holy bible he carries, effects an escape to solicit help.

The story gathers momentum as Alizon is lured from the safety of the house by Jennet and taken by Mother Demdike. Alice is distraught at the thought of her daughter being forced to join the witches and urges Richard to go and rescue her from Malkin Tower. She confirms her knowledge of witchcraft to him and provides him with a talisman and a
means of entering hitherto unknown. After further trials and tribulations Richard gains entry to the Tower only to be duped by the old hag. He finds himself cast into the vault - with attendant gothic horrors.

Alice Nutter, meanwhile, summons the assistance of Mother Chattox and they use their magic to ascertain what Mother Demdike intends to do. She realises that the love she has for her child outweighs her need to be a witch and bargains her power away for help to save Alizon. The full power of all these witches comes into play in the final scene and
supernatural forces of a more religious kind also play their part when Richard is saved from the horrors of the vault by the ghost of John Paslew. All the main players and a full supporting cast of peasants and soldiers assemble on and around Pendle Hill where Alizon is destined to be sacrificed by Mother Demdike. The power struggle goes back and forth
between the rival groups of witches until two things happen - Richard lights the beacon on the hill and Mother Demdike realises that it is past one o' clock and she has failed to make the expected blood sacrifice.

Her powers evaporate and she is further appalled to hear that the suggestion to light the beacon fire came from her nemesis, Paslew. She makes a final attempt on Alizon, fails, curses both her and Richard and is whisked away by her grandson, Jem. There follows an
almost farcical search for them both, their recapture and yet another supernatural scene where the ghost of Paslew appears once more and causes the hunting party to cast her into the fiery beacon. Upon seeing her rival consumed, Mother Chattox cackles in triumph whereupon the incensed mob casts her in too. The fire roars and rages for a moment or two, explodes heavenwards and suddenly dies out. Pendle Hill plunges into darkness and the crowd disperse in silence.

Book III: Hoghton Tower

It is now mid-July. Nicholas is enjoying an early morning walk and contemplating calling at the conveniently-placed-on-his-doorstep inn, now run by Bess o' th' Booth and her new husband, the recently bereaved miller. He is soon joined by a friend, the mysterious Lawrence Fogg who, we learn, attached himself to Nicholas quite recently and has so embroiled himself in the squires' affairs as to be considered irreplaceable. During the course of a hearty breakfast we learn that King James is to attend a meeting at nearby Hoghton Hall and the owner of that establishment is keen for Nicholas and his family to attend bearing the Hoghton colours as a mark of respect. This does not go down well with Nicholas but he is soon swayed by the promise that Sir Richard Hoghton will help him out financially. It is now apparent that Assheton has money worries as he had previously sent Fogg to solicit loans from his friends and acquaintances, apparently all to no avail. Bouyed by the hope of a generous loan he instantly proposes an otter hunt - this is where you can skip about ten pages if you aren't particularly a fan of blood sports and rejoin the narrative at page 543³.

Their banter, inevitably as they are standing below Pendle Hill, turns to the demise of the two old hags and the escape of both Alice Nutter and Jem Device - the one on her way to Lancaster Castle and the other in the confusion surrounding the impromptu bonfire and subsequent realisation that there was a ghost in their midst. Despite being suspected of complicity in Mistress Nutter's fortuitous evasion of the law, nothing concrete has been laid at the Assheton's door and the annoying, weasily, Thomas Potts has returned to London deprived of his preferred prey. The countryside, as a whole, seems healthier since the incineration of Demdike and Chattox; the pedlar has recovered, dry cows produce milk and once-barren livestock gives birth. The only worry is that Malkin Tower may be inhabited by a boggart and witches may still infest the area.

Being a book of many coincidences it isn't long before our heroes meet, pursue and capture Jem Device. Uncowed and as defiant as ever, he intimates that he knows who rescued Alice Nutter and where she may be found. Nicholas looks a little strained by this threat, but entrusts the prisoner to Fogg with instructions to deliver him to cousin Ralph at Whalley and then ride with all haste to arrest both Elizabeth and Jennet Device. Nicholas arrives home and immediately searches out the hidden room of Alice Nutter for, as you could have guessed, she is, indeed, concealed within. She is a changed woman, given to quoting the scriptures and clutching a bible and, though horrified at the thought, agrees to go to the one place no-one will look - Malkin Tower!

The scene shifts to Middleton Hall and an overlong piece of soul-searching between Richard Assheton, his sister Dorothy, Alizon Device and, finally, Jennet Device who appears with her cat and makes her hatred and jealousy of her former sister all too plain.

Back to Nicholas, then, who is about to brave the Gorge of Cliviger with a great deal of borrowed money now concealed about his person. Just as he enters the most treacherous part of the ride he is accosted by Nan Redferne who reveals the truth about Lawrence Fogg. Not only has he lied about soliciting money - every one of Assheton's friends has gladly paid up and Fogg pocketed the proceeds - but he now plans to ambush and kill Nicholas for the gold he carries. Furthermore he is the leader of a band of renegades based at Malkin Tower and, even more shocking, he is the long-lost son of Mother Demdike herself! Unable to turn back they face 'Captain Demdike' together. Nicholas is saved by the gold concealed under his garments, fights, flees, loses his horse, hides, hears of Demdikes plans to capture and torture Alice Nutter and succumbs to urgent need and allows Nan to use her powers and fly him to Malkin Tower. Phew!

We now rejoin A. Nutter⁴. Accompanied by the only faithful retainer apparently left to Nicholas, Crouch the Otter Hunter and his fearsome dog Grip, she rides piously towards Malkin Tower. Despite clutching her bible she is tempted along the way by her old familiar but dismisses him with a holy oath and seems safe. Her book cannot save her from the brigandes, however, and she is soon captured and thrown, defenseless, into the same vault her daughter had endured all those pages before. Captain Demdike's jubilation at this victory is soon cut short by the appearance of Nicholas' ghost. Erm, no, he is very much alive and entered the Tower earlier thanks to Nan and her magic machinations. More scuffles and the arrival of Crouch and Grip lead to Demdike's apprehension and, thanks to the quick-thinking of Nan, a cask of gunpowder is fired in the tower and it, and its robber-occupants, is blown sky high. Hoorah!

A month passes and we catch up with Nicholas and his brother-in-law Sherbourne as they make their way to Hoghton Tower. En route they are joined by Richard who looks haggard and is dressed in black instead of the garish yellow requested by their host. Never mind - he's pale and interesting which is just what you want in a gothic romance. Over the next 30 pages we are introduced to King James, complete with a Scottish dialect which somehow reminded me of Dick van Dyke in Mary Poppins, a full account of his (and the court's) merrymaking at Preston Market and a very detailed description of Hoghton Tower, its surrounds and security system. This wallow in the glories of early 17^th century England is brought to an end when King James spots the dull Richard amongst all his poppinjays, recognises his name as connected to a suspected witch and swears to bring her to justice should Richard die of his malady. It is hardly surprising that the poor boy is feeling down. 'Captain Demdike' had managed to abscond after the destruction of Malkin Tower and masterminded the rescue of both Jem and Elizabeth from the Whalley Abbey dungeon⁵. Alice Nutter turned down safe passage to the Isle of Wight, currently lives somewhere close by - known only to Nicholas apparently - and is threatening to give herself up and face her punishment like a... witch.

Richard manages to pull himself together with the help of a judicious supply of alcohol and witnesses his cousins success at presenting a petition for the relaxation of the draconian 'Sunday Recreation' Laws first introduced by Good Queen Bess. For once, the King manages to speak with an understandable accent as he declares

'... after the end of divine service,they shall not be disturbed, letted or discouraged, from any lawful recreation - as dancing and sic like, either of men or women, archery, leaping, vaulting, or any ither harmless recreation; nor frae the having of May-games, Whitsun ales, or morris dancing, nor frae setting up of May- poles, and ither sports therewith used... But we prohibit all unlawful games on Sundays, as bear-baiting and bull-baiting, interludes(?) and, by the common folk - mark ye that, sir - playing at bowls.

Just to show that he can, however, Ainsworth now indulges in a very long 'interlude'. We are subjected to 20 pages describing in gory detail a stag hunt, the unfortunate Captain Demdike being tossed like a pancake on the horns of a passing wild bull and the dispatch of a wild boar by Richard - who saves the King in the process and is rewarded with a sapphire ring. This may come in handy as he now knows that the King will be watching both him and Alizon, who arrived mid-hunt.

Page 666 finds everyone eating yet again. It is during this banquet that King James, impressed with the quality of the beef, takes his sword and dubs it 'Sir Loin'⁶. Finally, with the King retiring to his apartments presumably to sleep off his enormous repast, the coast is clear for more action. Nicholas, who had earlier smuggled Nan Redferne into the grounds because 'ye owes me a favour', meets her again and is told that all three Devices are attending the festivities and mean to make mischief for Alizon and Richard. Conveniently this conversation is overheard by Thomas Potts who has surfaced again as an 'advisor on witches' to His Majesty. He, like Nan and Nicholas, decides to play a waiting game in the hope of netting a whole nest of vipers. Richard, on encountering Jem, isn't so patient and is briefly paralized and struck dumb for his meddling and the King's ring stolen from his finger.

And then we return to the descriptive narrative as we are subjected to a full account of the afternoon and evening merrymaking. Thankfully this takes up less print than previously and leads to the unmasking of Elizabeth and Jem - the stupid boy was wearing the ring stolen earlier from Richard which negated his disguise - and the arrest of Nan, too, when she is identified as the 'grandowter of the owd hag, Mother Chattox'. Potts then adds to the confusion by reporting a murder witnessed by Jennet. He is dispatched to secure both her and 'the guilty party'. A 'tall personage wrapped in a cloak, who appears to be an officer of the guard' chooses this moment to tell the King that Captain Demdike has died of his wounds. He speaks of seeing a fiend beside him at the end and the King orders his body to be

'... hangit on a gibbet on the hill where Malkin Tower aince stood as a warning to a' sic heinous offenders.'

The next chapter entitled 'Fatality' would more properly be called 'Romeo and Juliet' or 'Earlier That Same Evening'. Yes, our star-crossed lovers have met in the gardens and are pledging eternal love. Do I detect a hint of sex creeping in here? Not a chance! They reminisce about their first meeting - not aware that they are being watched by Jennet and her familiar cat, Tib. They marvel at a nightingale which is instantly and malevolently slain in mid-song. They talk of the curse upon them both, the grave and the hope of salvation for Alice Nutter, one-time queen of witches and now more pious than an anchoress in her cave. Richard praises heaven and Tib disappears. Jennet creeps unnoticed next to Richard, reaches out a finger and strikes him down. He collapses into Alizon's frantic arms and we are treated to a classic death scene of heroics, remorse and angst. His final words 'One grave, Alizon' stir her to thoughts of suicide but she is stayed from this final step by the (yet again) timely arrival of Paslew⁷. He reminds her that suicide is a mortal sin and she who has lived her whole life purely should not now give herself on a plate to the devil. He urges her, instead, to follow him to her mother who is still in peril of losing her soul. With a final glance at her slain sweetheart she obeys and follows him to the pavilion where he diplomatically disappears again.

Alice sits alone and in despair. She has no idea where she is and has been delivered here less than an hour previously with just a skull, a lamp, an hourglass and a mirror for company. She is tormented by visions of hell, unspeakable demons and the inexorable thought that the hourglass is counting down the minutes to the loss of her soul. Looking in the mirror she sees a cadaverous figure with white hair and a red brand upon her brow - she hardly recognises herself! 10 minutes remain on the hourglass. Her familiar appears to her and relates the slaying of Richard by Jennet and the King's determination to charge Alizon with his murder - and witchcraft. He tempts her with possibilities of rescue for both Alizon and herself but Mistress Nutter sees through the hollow promises and stands firm in her new-found faith. Now the cause of her reformation appears and, on learning that the mark must disappear from her mother's brow and her signature in blood vanish from the devil's parchment, pleads with her mother to pray for redemption.

A fearsome struggle of wills ensues and, just as the sand in the hourglass runs out, the mark disappears and the demon howls that the writing has gone too - handy, that, because we wouldn't have guessed! Still Alizon and her mother cling to each other but the devil must have a life and Alizon offers hers in place of Alice's. No sooner said than done. Crying 'Mother, thou art saved - saved!'⁸ she expires. The demon still thinks he has a chance with Alice, but her pleas to heaven summon our goodly monk once more. He dismisses the demon with a casual 'hence' and bids her pray at her daughters side as he has a final task to perform.

King James and his chosen witnesses wait outside the pavilion. He questions Nicholas as to the identity of the unknown guard, but Nicholas avoids answering. Finally a voice bids them enter. King James is, of course, suspicious and fears a trap, but the doors fly open revealing a beautifully lit scene, complete with holy music, so he bravely steps inside. There they see a bier, covered with a velvet pall and the bodies of a youth and a maiden. In death they look angelic and the King acknowledges that Alizon was certainly no witch or murderess.

'The guilty one is in thy hands, O King... it is for thee to punish'

My mission, then, is complete... I can rest in peace.'

'One who sinned deeply, but is now pardoned.'

Now the King espies the ghastly pale form of Alice Nutter. He questions her and is convinced of her penitance and willingness to pay for her previous sins with her life. He takes pity on her and promises that she may travel apart from the Device's when she takes her final journey to Lancaster. She bids a tearful farewell to both Alizon and Richard - proving for all to see that she is no longer a witch as they cannot cry - and elicits a promise from Nicholas that they will be buried together. As a final gesture of good will, she bids them give back the land she stole from Roger Nowell, with interest and set up a small sum to be paid to the poor so they may remember her in their prayers. Nowell forgives her for any wrong she may have done him and prays that heaven will forgive her too.

'Amen', ejaculated the monarch. And all the others joined in the ejaculation⁹.

Now the King confronts the witches. Jennet is spitting feathers as she sees herself betrayed by Potts and accuses him of commanding her to entrap and kill Alizon. James, ever gullible, thinks there may well be truth in this statement and tells Potts that he will gain no advancement from this escapade. Potts, not surprisingly, is furious. Nicholas shows compassion towards Nan and wonders if she can be saved but Sir Ralph points out that she can't and Nicholas has narrowly escaped being charged as her accomplice. The prisoners are all then taken away, the Devices and Nan Redferne to walk to Lancaster but Alice Nutter to be conveyed in a litter by order of the King.

Hoghton played host to King James for two more days and nights after which he upped sticks and retreated back to London¹⁰. Richard Assheton and Alizon Device/Nutter are buried together at Whalley Church a few days later. Then Roger Nowall, Nicholas and Sir Ralph speed to Lancaster to fulfil their roles as witnesses for the Crown. Alice is allowed to promenade the turret called John o' Gaunt's Chair the evening before her execution. She surveys the scene, admires the beauty of the landscape and cannot help but see the 13 stakes assembled ready for the burnings next day. Her demon tries one last time to tempt her back to the dark side, but she dismisses him with barely a thought and spends the rest of the night in prayer, dropping into a peaceful slumber at 4am. When the clergyman rouses her in the morning she learns that only Nan Redferne has also asked for his services. She is a little shocked to hear that Jennet is not to die because she bore witness against her relatives. She prays that she does no more mischief. She walks to her stake but becomes weaker and weaker. By the time she reaches the executioner she is dead, but they tie her up and burn her just the same. According to the last lines of the book, Potts survived Jennet's curses and lived to execute her for witchcraft many years later. He labels her the last of the Lancashire Witches, but we know different.
He finishes the book with a warning:

But to all you who are afraid of a bright eye and a blooming cheek, and who desire to adhere to a bachelor's condition - to such I say, 'Beware the Lancashire Witches'

The Post Special Supplement

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