h2g2 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition

(gravity)=(inertial reaction)

Posted Sep 9, 2002

(gravity) = (inertial reaction)

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(gravity) = (inertial reaction) hypothesis:


The current interpretations of Einstein's theory of general relativity
explain a universe that initializes as a cosmic singularity of
infinite temperature and density. This singularity begins to expand,
i.e. the "big bang". Next, a sequence of "symmetry breaking" during
subsequent "epochs", where at first, the known forces of nature were
unified as a single "super-force". As the universe expanded and
cooled, the symmetry was broken. During the sequence of "eras" the
fundamental forces separated. Quarks, leptons, and then protons and
neutrons began forming. The matter particles coalesced into hydrogen,
then stars, quasars and galaxies. The first stars began to generate
the heavier elements. Later, new galaxies form with solar systems.
Atoms link together forming the building blocks of life.

THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES:

Electromagnetic

Weak-Nuclear

Strong Nuclear

Gravity

Electricity and magnetism are unified as "electromagnetism".
The electromagnetic force obeys the inverse square law in the
relationship: F = k*q1q2/r^2 , i.e. the electric "coulomb" force.

The weak nuclear force is responsible for nuclear decay and is unified
with the electromagnetic force: The "electro-weak" force.

The strong nuclear force is very strong but has a very short range,
limited to the nucleus of an atom. It is responsible for binding
quarks together forming protons and neutrons, and it binds the protons
and neutrons together to
to form the nucleus.

Gravity is the weakest of the fundamental forces, yet it has the
longest range. Gravity also obeys an inverse square law, as the low
energy limit of Einstein's relativity: F = G*m1m2/r^2 .

Everyone knows the Pythagorean theorem: x^2 + y^2 = z^2 , where x and
y are the sides of a right triangle and z is the hypotenuse. Basically
space and time form a type of right triangle. Imagine three
dimensional space as a two dimensional surface, i.e. three dimensions
with one removed similar to a photograph or snapshot. At one instant
in time there is a three dimensional frame, generalized to two
dimensions.

Imagine a sequence of these pictures and as we are continuously
observing the sequence of frames, the illusion of motion is perceived.
The direction of the "stacking" is the fourth "temporal" dimension.
Therefore it is a right triangle.

|||||||----------->

space.........time

Three dimensional space is represented as the vertical lines and time
is the horizontal arrow.

Three dimensional hypersurfaces are accelerated along the "t" axis,
thus gravity is an acceleration.

The contrast between space-time and matter-energy is a dynamic
relationship generating the space-time curvature. This of course leads
to the question "How does space-time become dynamic?" Now we must
consider the question of cosmology and the expansion model. In the
search for the fundamental equations of reality, the most basic or
ultimate causes must be taken into consideration. This becomes a
question of logic. How can the universe be expanding in an absolute
sense if there is nothing for the universe to expand into? How do we
define "nothing"?

Nothing is defined as being without extent and without duration.

The universe initially has a high degree of symmetry, or a state of
maximum potential energy. As an analogy we shall use the "spring
equation" from basic physics.

F = -k*X

Where F is the force of the stretched spring, k is the spring
constant, and X is displacement from the zero energy state. The
spring(universe) is initially stretched to a state of maximum
potential energy with a high degree of symmetry. Then the symmetry
breaks and the potential energy transforms into kinetic energy.

(->(->(-> &lt&lt&lt

This simple diagram shows the spring(universe) collapsing or
"shrinking". From our local perspective, space between the galaxies
and clusters of galaxies appears to be expanding. But from the
universal perspective, matter, energy, distance and time scales are
"contracting". This gives the energy required for the cosmic
evolution.

RELATIVE EXPANSION:

The explanation of mass-energy contraction is in logical agreement
with Einstein's theories. Expansion is relative. The force of the
spring(universe) is an acceleration, which is the constant
acceleration that is required to generate the gravity wells, or
space-time curvature explained by general relativity. Thus the
Einstein Field equations are generated by the universal energy
equations via the "force" of the potential-kinetic energies of the
contracting
space-time.

-(constant)*(universal displacement)--->
(mass-energy--->space-time curvature)

Where "--->" means "determines"

-c*X--->(Einstein's Field Equations)

-c*X = (Unified Force)

This means that gravity is an acceleration. Of course...inertial mass
equals gravitational mass, which was the happy thought of Einstein.

RIGHT TRIANGLES:

space
|
|
|
|------------>time

and


electro-nuclear
|
|
|
|------------>gravity




INERTIAL REACTION:

The ratio of mass-energy to space is such that we measure a constant
"c" for the velocity of a photon of light. The matter "M" is
contracting faster than the surrounding space, with the photons of
light carried along with what appears as "generated space". Thus all
fields in our three dimensional space are "dynamic". Space-time is
curved by the matter-energy contained within it, because the fourth
dimension of time is at right angles to the three space dimensions.

Time is accelerated, therefore gravity is a type of inertial reaction.

The dynamics of space-time create a universe of intriguing
possibilities. Space is a form of energy both kinetic and potential.
Therefore space-time also must obey the principle of conservation of
energy.

The "spring" analogy is an aid for conceptualization, but the concept
of a "stretching" spring should not be confused with any type of
spatial expansion. It has more to do with potential and symmetry. The
universe as a whole has total space-time equal to a constant.



Space can be hypothesized as a type of conductor, yet it
is not a type
of "medium" lest we revive the "lumeniferous ether" .

e is the permittivity of free space and u is the
permeability of free
space, 'epsilon' and 'mu' respectively.

E = mc^2

c^2 = 1/(e*u)

E/m = 1/(e*u)

The ratio of ([total energy]/mass) equals the reciprocal
of (e*u)

(e*u) would of course, be "invariant" while observing
from "inertial
reference frames" but the distance and time measurements
would "vary"
according to relative velocity.

1/(e*u) = (Ds/Dt)^2 Ds and Dt vary in tandem, always
producing a
constant velocity "c" .

(Ds)*(e*u)^(1/2) = Dt

It seems that permeability and permittivity of space
would not change,
thus the "curvature" of space-time would be independent
of its ability
to be a type of electromagnetic conductor.

The generation of spacetime curvature must be
transmitted via the
fourth dimensional "t" axis?


Space-time is curved by mass-energy.

A----------------->B

A photon of light travels from point A to point B
"through"
the vacuum, which is a distance relation defined by the
Pythagorean theorem.

Space is a "conductor" or if you wish, an "insulator"

The distance relationship is a non-Euclidean geometry with
Guassian coordinates. The distance interval between A and
B
becomes a "geodesic", the shortest distance on a curved
surface. The geometrical distance relationships(space-time) become
anisotropic and inhomogeneous in the presence of mass
energy, so space must have a type of tangible measurable
property that cannot be rationalized away with the
statement "The aether does not exist!"

Put simply, the "conductive surface" called "space" is
altered by matter and energy.



My investigations are leading me to the prime numbers and a possible
five-fold symmetry lattice structure of space. The Penrose tilings
caught me completely by surprise, because they contain the golden
mean!

I am investigating spinors, twistors, and "bundles" as they apply to
general relativity. The different geometrical structures. Symmetry
seems to be the correct path to unification. All other roads keep
leading to dead ends, so far.


A possible equation for gravity:

A[f(t)] = -[(8pi*G)/c^2]*f(t)

The time vector equation.

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