All ballet choreography is based upon a set of basic positions and directions, these are the starting point of the more advanced positions and movements that when combined produce the beautiful ballets that we all know and love. This entry is here to explain and describe them.

In the same way that painting has many schools (for example cubism, impressionist, realist) ballet has many 'methods', including, RAD¹, ISTD², Cecchetti³ etc. Each of these methods has a different style and way of describing positions and movements. This entry describes the Russian method.

Turn Out

One of the mainstays of the ballet dancer is the ability to have good 'turn out'. A dancer's legs should always be turned out, enhancing the shape of the leg as viewed by the audience. This highly unnatural position involves the legs being turned out from the hip, so that the inner thigh is facing forwards and the back of the thigh is turned inwards. The foot should then be pointing outwards of its own accord. Some people find it easy to force them further outwards by turning the ankle, but this is highly frowned upon as it can cause problems and injuries.

Positions

Legs

These positions, if not specified, are generally with the feet flat on the floor. They can however also be on demi-pointe or half toe which would be just standing on the balls of the feet with the heel raised as high as possible, or en pointe which is right on the end of the toes. This should only be attempted when wearing the special reinforced pointe shoes, a pain generally reserved for female dancers.

• First - In this position the feet are placed heels together and the legs are turned out so that the feet are as close to 180 degrees as the dancer is able.

• Second - Again the feet are in line like first position but this time they are spaced apart, sometimes it is described as being shoulder-width spacing and sometimes a foot's length apart.

• Third - In this position the legs are turned out and the feet are placed so that they overlap, the heel of one foot is placed in front of the instep of the other foot.

• Fourth - This position is similar to fifth position but instead of the feet being tight together, they are spaced apart to the front and back. Again the description of the distance varies.

• Fifth - The feet are turned out and overlapping each other, tight together. How much they overlap is dictated by the method being taught, in the Russian method they are heel to toe.

Arms

• First - The arms are held in front of the body slightly curved so that the tips of the fingers almost meet, resting on the thighs.

• Second - Both arms are held out to the side slightly below shoulder level. How curved they depends on the style being taught, in the Russian methods they only have a slight curve.

• Demi Second - This is a position as the title says, demi or half way between first and second position arms. The arms are lifted to about 45 degrees and held away from the body.

• Third - The hands and arms are kept in the same shape as first position but raised up in front of the body to just below shoulder height.

• Fourth - In this position, one arm is in fifth position and the other in second. The choice of which arm is in fifth position relates to which foot is in front. The choreography will dictate whether this will be the same arm as front foot or the opposite arm.

• Fifth - The hands and arms are again in the same shape as first position but are raised above the head. In this position the hands should be held with the palms turned away from the audience.

Directions of the Body

Croisé (Crossed Alignment) - When in either fifth or fourth position (positions where the legs are crossed) and the dancer is facing towards the front corner of the stage; croisé is where the audience would see the legs crossing. Another way to describe it is to say that if in this position the hip of the front leg is towards the audience then the dancer is in croisé.

En Face - This is standing facing the audience, with the feet in any position. This has some similarities to À la seconde.

Effacé (Open Alignment) - This the opposite of croisé. Again when the feet are in fifth or forth position and the dancer is facing towards the front corner of the stage, effacé is where the audience would see open legs, i.e. not crossed. Another description is to say the hip of the front leg is facing away from the audience.

Seconde, à la - To the second position. The foot is to be placed in the second position, or a movement is to be made to the second position.

Écarté (Separated or thrown wide apart) - The best way to describe this is probably to imagine À la seconde but facing one of the corners. The arms are held en attitude.

These combine to give you the 8 directions: croisé devant, en face devant, effacé devant, À la second, croisé derrière, en face derrière, effacé derrière, écarté.

Directions of Movement

Devant - This term may refer to a step, movement or the placement of a limb in front of the body. In reference to a particular step, the addition of the word devant implies that the working foot is closed in the front.

Derrière - This term may refer to a movement, step or placement of a limb to the rear. In reference to a particular step, the addition of derrière implies that the working foot is closed to the rear.

En Avant - Used to indicate that a given step is executed moving forward.

En Arrière - Used to indicate that a step is executed moving backwards.

En Dedans (Inwards) - Some people try to describe this in terms of clockwise or anticlockwise, but that doesn't really work as it changes depending on which is the supporting leg. This is more of a feeling rather then a specific movement, i.e. the feeling of turning in on yourself. The best way to describe this would be to say the working leg (the one that is making the movement) comes from the back to the front, coming around inwards towards the supporting leg.

En Dehors (Outwards) - Unsurprisingly this is just the opposite direction to En Dedans, so it means the working leg travels from the front to the back, moving outwards from the supporting leg around to the back.

In either case if there is no supporting leg, in terms of something like a jump from both feet, it is done in relation to the front foot.