Introduction

The first settlers in Florence arrived in the 10th century BC but it didn't establish itself as a recognised city until 59BC. It sits along the banks of the Arno river and it has a chequered past which included a brief spell as the capital of Italy from 1865 to 1870, during which time it nearly bankrupted itself. It is mostly known, however, as the birthplace of the Rennaissance.

This wonderful city comes as a bit of a surprise to the first time visitor. It is crammed full of wonderful buildings and works of art but these almost seem to be taken for granted by the inhabitants. It is likely that if tourism wasn't so important to the economy many of these treasures would not be preserved.

The first impression of the city is of crowded, polluted, noisy streets. The noise from the traffic is constant, 24 hours a day, and the fumes kicked out by the legions of Lambretta's break every European Community law and cause a cloud of smog to sit over the city for most of the time. The sewerage system is ancient and leaves something to be desired, probably a nose clip and something sweeter smelling. Maybe it is the contrast with this side of the city that makes each of the statues, buildings, bridges, or paintings appear so beautiful.

The city also has the benfit of some wonderful restaurants, startling views and friendly people making any visit here enjoyable. However, be prepared to walk long distances as the public transport system is not brilliant and the roads are so crowded it would take just as long to reach your destination. You may also miss out on some of the less well-known museums and piazzas¹ if you are not wandering aimlessly around on foot.

There is so much to see it is easy to try and do too much and ruin your holiday so plan it well and make sure you leave enough time to enjoy each attraction. A good street map is essential and can be purchased from the Touristos²

As a city of approxiamtely 380,000³ and with millions of visitors each year, it is better to go outside of the usual holiday season. May and September are the best months as the weather is a little cooler and that can be important if you are queuing for two or three hours in the Tuscan sun so you can get into the Uffizi.

Pisa is also very close to Florence and is well worth a day trip but shop around for a good tour. The two cities have a long running feud⁴ which can make the tour of the tower and catherdral entertaining as the tour guides snipe constantly about how much nicer Pisa is.

Climate

July and August are the hottest months of the year with temperatures reaching 25 O c. The lowest temperatures are in January and most rainfall falls in October. This makes September with its slightly lower temperature but low risk of rain, an ideal time to visit. Watch out for the smog in the hottest months though and asthmatics should take extra inhalants with them because of the diesel fumes.

Things to See

Other wise known as the touristy bits.

3 million tourists a year

Duomo see everywhere so very dominant. built 1296 by arnolfo di cambio

Il Bargello

Boboli Gardens

These gardens lie directly behind the Pitti Palace and were created for the medici when they moved in during 1550. They really are spectacular because of the mixture of the art ane gardens living together in harmony.

In 1766 the gardens were opened to the public and in 1992 a small entrance fee was introduced but this is so small as to be negligible. It is a haven of peace and quiet in a very noisy city and the views over Florence and the tuscan countryside are breathtaking.

The gardens were originally designed by Niccolò Pericoli but after his death a variety of people had a hand in completing the gardens including Davide Fortini, Giorgio Vasari and Bartolomeo Ammannati. Despite this the original design was followed and the gardens have pretty much remained constant ever since.

The entrance to the gardens leads directly to the ampitheatre with the fountain designed by Giambologna. This was where the first ever opera performance was held and it is quite an impressive sight.

Other attractions in the gardens are:

• The Vasca Del Isola (Island Pond) which was designed by Giulio Parigi in 1612 for the cultivation of citrus fruit. You can only walk onto the island during May and June but it is a pleasant sight anyway. The statue of Perseus on Horseback acts as a good mark of the water level and by September Perseus is not so much riding through the water as getting his toes slightly damp. In the middle of the island is yet another fountain by Giambologna depicting Neptune and other representatives of the ocean.

• The knights garden which stands almost at the top of the Boboli gardens is well worth the very long climb. Instead of the view of the city that seems to be the aim of all other viewing sites in Florence, this gives the views of the florentine hills. The contrast between the city on one side and the countryside on the other is quite marked and represents how much Florence was a self-contained unit within Tuscany. There is none of the sprawling on the outskirts of the city that we have become so innured to in the UK. The ramparts of the Knights garden were designed by Michelangelo in 1529 and completes the mediaeval feel.

• The grottos are definitely worth the wait. Mostly done in a roccoco style and based around statues from either the bible or from Roman gods. There are three which an extra effort should be made to see, the Adam and Eve grotto, the grotto with Bacchus rifing the tortoise and the Grotto Grande by Michelangelo Buontalenti.

The tourist guide which can be purchased cheaply at the entrance has a map in it but to be honest you will see more by wandering aimlessly around. There are few signposts in the gardens so it easy to get lost and there was nowhere to purchase drinks or food so it is important to remember to take your own.

Palazzo Vecchio

Ponte Vecchio - all bridges except the pv were blown up by the germans in 1944. Only bridge across arno until 1218. current bridge built in 1345. survived the 1966 floods. corridoor created when Medici moved from Palazzo Vecchio to Palazzo Pitti so they would not have contact with the people. built 1565 by vasari. in 1593 Ferdinand 1 decreed only goldsmiths shops allowed on pv which is still case today. The gold tends to be gaudy and brash and priced for the tourists. Full of tourists all of the time which makes it cramped and unpleasant. Drugs trade at night.

Santa Maria Novella

The Dominican religious order arrived in Florence in the 13th century when the founder of their order was still living. At the time there was a lot of flamboyant building work being undertaken in the city but nothing to compare to the Santa Maria Novella. The church was designed by Dominican Friars, Sistus and Ristoro, to be the symbol of the Dominican religion in the city. Building began in 1278 and is an outstanding gothic masterpiece. Construction was not completed until the second half of the 14th Century, by Fra Jacopo Talenti. In 1288 many houses were demolished to make room for a large open square outside the church. This was a first in Florence as until then churches were not surrounded by open spaces. Talenti did not complete his work and in 1470 Leon Battista Alberti designed and completed the marble façade, adding the volutes to hide the roofs over the side chapels.

Architecturally this is one of the most important buildings in Tuscany and many of the chapels were named after the patron's who had enough money to pay for them to be completed. The façade of the church has been created in black, pink and white marble and incorporates billowing sails which were the symbol of Alberti's patron, Giovanni Rucellai, and ostrich feathers which were the symbol of the Medici's.

The cloisters form a museum which contains many religious artefacts. The Green cloister gets its name from the green tinge to Uccello's Noah and the Flood frescoes. Ironically these were damaged in the 1966 floods which destroyed many Florentine treasures. The Strozzi Chapel is dedicated to St Thomas Aquinas and is decorated with frescoes painted by Nardo di Cione and his brother Andrea Orcagna, between 1351 and 1357. They were inspired by Dante's epic poem, The Divine Comedy, and are called 'Paradiso e Inferno' and Dante himself appears in The Last Judgement behind the altar. Also represented are members of the Strozzi family. The Tornabuoni Chapel contains Ghirlandaio's fresco cycle of The Life of St John the Baptist. This was painted in 1485 in a contemporary style and depicts many Florentine aristocrats. Opposite is his other masterpiece, The Life of the Virgin. The Spanish Chapel was used by the Spanish courtiers of Eleonora of Toledo, the wife of Cosimo I. It contains very dramatic frescoes based on the theme of salvation and damnation and in the fresco Triumph of the Doctrine (circa 1365) by Andrea da Firenze, the dogs of God are sent to round up lost sheep into the fold of the church. The Filippo Strozzi Chapel contains Filippino Lippi's dramatic frescoes showing St John raising Drusiana from the dead and St. Philip slaying a dragon. Boccaccio set the beginning of The Decameron in this chapel.

Inside, the church is vast and has been designed to look even longer because of the clever spacing of the columns. On the left hand side is a fresco of the Trinity (c. 1428). By Masaccio, this is one of the earliest paintings to demonstrate the mastery of perspective and portraiture. The figures in the picture form a triangle symbolising the Holy Trinity. The viewers eye is drawn upwards to the figures of Christ and God the Father at the apex. The Virgin and St. John are depicted as real people rather than idealised figures and, at the bottom, Lorenzo Lenzi, Masaccio's patron, kneels opposite his wife.

The traffic around Florence's railway station is horrendous, and trying to cross the roads to get to the Santa Maria Novella quickly becomes a lesson in survival so it is best to seek out the underpasses where you can find many a tourist sheltering from the predatory busses and scooters above. Walking from the railway station you are first greeted by the rear end of the Santa Maria Novella and have to walk along a busy road with a narrow path and an unremarkable grimy stone wall along one side. At the end of the wall you come across a large open area, in the centre of which, surrounded by resting tourists and pigeons is a fountain. As you walk into this open area, you become aware of something behind you and looking back over your shoulder you see the Santa Maria Novella's impressive black and white marble façade for the first time.

During 1999 there were big signs indicating that it was being restored as part of a millenium restoration project which meant that the church itself was closed to visitors. The museum however was still open. Sitting in the peaceful green cloister is a welcome relief from the hustle and noise of the Florence streets outside. The damage from the 1966 floods can quite clearly be seen on the frescoes of Noah and the Flood, and you can't help but wonder what they must have looked like before. The frescoes in the Spanish Chapel are breathtaking, covering ever square inch of wall and ceiling with vivid colours and the dramatic depiction of salvation and damnation.

The museum, however, is a little disappointing, with a relatively small collection of holy artifacts, and a few slightly strange exhibits such as a woodworm riddled pair of busts.

Arno- flooded 1966

Uffizi - most visited with over 1000 000 visitors a year. the medici inheritance is basis for collection in uffizi. bombed in 1993

San Lorenzo - parish church of medici. rebuilt by brunelleschi in 1419. exterior was to have been built by michaelangelo but he never got approval for his plans. burial place of the medici. working church. Savonarola used to preach his fire and brimstone sermons from the bronze pulpits.

Piazza Del Signoria

Galleria del Academia

Famous People

Machiavelli - b 1469

Lorenzo the Magnificent ruled 1469-1492 which was an artistic highpoint

Michaelangelo Buonarotti b 1475

Galileo Galilei

Dante Alghieri

Dante Alighieri was born in 1265 in Florence into a poor but proud family of low nobility. Although the family was poor he did not need to work and so devoted himself to literary studies. He fell in love with Beatrice at a young age and she became the inspiration for most of his verses. In 1290 Beatrice died and during the next 5 years Dante dedicated himself to the study of classical authors. He married Gina Donati in 1295 and fathered four children.

He was a Guelph and took an active role in politics. In 1289, at the Battle of Campaldino, he helped capture the Pisan castle of Caprona while fighting the Ghibellines and the people of Arezzo. After his marriage he became even more active politically, holding various offices, siding with the Guelphs against the forces backed by the Pope.

In 1300 he was appointed a prior and went to Rome. In 1301 the Blacks (ghibellines) won power and accused Dante of many offences. He was sentenced in his absence and began an exile from Florence under threat of a death sentence for him and his whole family. In exile he wrote a lot including his Divine Comedy.

He died in 1321 in Ravenna and was buried with full honours in a chapel next to the convent of the church of San Pier Maggiore.

His Divine Comedy is an allegorical journey of the spirit from hell to heaven. In it he condemned the corruption of florentine politicians and the church. He basically acted out his wishes of punishments on his enemies by writing about their torments in hell. He was a very pious man and expected the same from others, especially from those who claimed to devote their lives to salvation of the soul.

Eating Out

Typical Tuscan Cuisine

Chinese Food - Capitale della Cina, Via Nazionale

Trattatoria Antellesi

Cafe's

La Falterona, Via Zannoni

Targillie's

Il Bargello