The Magdalen College School, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire, UK
Created | Updated Jan 28, 2002
THE small market town of Wainfleet on the Lincolnshire coast, is said to stand on the Roman settlement of 'Vainona'. In the Domesday book, Wainfleet is referred to in Latin as 'Wenflet', the local Lincolnshire dialect transforming this into the 'Waynflete' of the period we are going to look at. and the 'Wainfleet' of today.
Almost a thousand years ago. Wainfleet was an important, thriving port. Larger and more important than the port at Boston, 18 miles South of the town. The sea at Wainfleet, which has now withdrawn two miles, provided another important income - salt. The Domesday book, published in 1086 after the Norman conquest of 1066, contains several entries mentioning 'salt houses'. Salt houses, or 'salterns' were used in Wainfleet to extract salt from the sea. They can be found just off the Boston road, to the south of the town at Wainfleet St Mary. The evidence of these salterns can be seen as large mounds in a grass pasture, very out of character among miles of flat coastline.
Hidden away in a narrow back street of Wainfleet is a strange, out of place castle-like building constructed of a distinctive red brick. It is Magdalen College School and it was founded in Wainfleet in 1484 by William of Waynflete, to compliment his most famous foundation, Magdalen College in the University of Oxford.
'The schole that Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester made is the most notable thing...' commented Leland, on visiting the town during the reign of Henry VIII, the early part of the 16th Century when the school was almost brand new. The passage of over 500 years hasn't changed the fact that the "schole" is still the most notable and noticeable building in Wainfleet. With only minor alterations, the school stands almost exactly as it did when the building was completed around the turn of the 16th century. The front, with its two octagonal towers is similar to Eton College, Tattershall castle and Hampton Court Palace; William of Waynflete provides a connection between them all.
The exact date of the completion of the building is not known, but it is known from surviving documents that construction began in 1484. Originally, the school was used solely to feed Waynflete's Magdalen college in the university of Oxford. The school was built during the mediaeval period and that is its main architectural style, but, as new ages had different needs, the building slowly and subtly transformed and is now very much a mixture of different styles including Tudor, Gothic and Victorian.
WILLIAM OF WAYNFLETE
William [of Waynflete] Patten was born in Wainfleet in 1398. Very little is known of his early life and family, although we know he had a brother, John, who also followed an ecclesiastical career - he became Archdeacon of Surrey and Dean of Chichester.
Waynflete was appointed Master of the school at Winchester in 1429 and stayed until 1442; in 1447 he became Bishop of Winchester and in 1457 he founded Magdalen College, Oxford and later, a school there to feed it. He died in 1486 aged 88, his tomb can be found within the wall of Winchester Cathedral.
William Patten was known as William of Waynflete because in the middle ages it was customary for men to adopt as a surname their town of birth rather than their fathers name. He was at one time, headmaster at Eton and he also had some involvement in the building of Tattershall Castle. After founding Magdalen College and the school in Oxford he was determined to do something for his birth place, Wainfleet. He gave John Gygur (priest of Tattershall and warden of the college there) instructions to arrange for and supervise the building of the school. On 25 April 1484 Henry Alsbroke contracted with William of Waynflete to make the ceiling and floor. John Cowper is now generally accepted as the mason or designer. His work at Escher, Surrey and at Buckden Palace, Huntingdonshire [now Cambridgeshire] are in a similar brick style, all influenced from Tattershall, where he was working on the church.
Harris and Pevsner, in their book "The buildings of England - Lincolnshire" have this to say about the school: "The W[est] front is flanked by broad three storied polygonal [should be octagonal] towers. Central doorway with depressed head, and above this a four light perp window. Entrances also to the towers. The long N[orth] front has six irregular bays of brick with moulded brick single and double lights and two projecting chimney flanks. The E[ast] front has no towers but a five light window. The great first floor room is still the original static oblong space. The wide splayed window recesses do not yet come down to the ground (Thornton Abbey). Two chimney pieces with castellated decoration and corbelled angel heads are blatantly and unashamedly Victorian Gothic".
It is not known how long the school took to be completed. It is not a particularly large building and it is not as complex as somewhere such as Tattershall castle, for which all building accounts still exist. There are no such accounts for the school, but there is a letter detailing the carpentry work involved, dated April 1484, and we know that work began soon afterwards. A letter sent to Waynflete by Gygur records initial discussions with suppliers of bricks and timber; Master Tontoft and John Robinson. A house on the site of the school had to be pulled down and some of its materials were suitable for reuse, but new timber was required for its floor and roof. Miraculously, the upper room floor beams constructed by Alsbroke have survived.]
BRICKS
The bricks have been laid in English Bond style, which was very popular during the Tudor period. On the west face which carries the two towers and the main entrance, the brickwork has a series of patterns which include coloured diapers and zig-zags for which special glazed bricks were used.
The north tower contains a spiral staircase, and like Tattershall castle, it has an inset moulded brick handrail. The 15th century saw the biggest growth in the use of brick for buildings, especially in the midlands. Bricks were cheap and could be produced wherever suitable clay existed, but considerable amounts of brush wood would be required for the firing and this was often hard to get hold of. The complex details often obtained in brickwork were the result of very accomplished workmen and at that time it was a new range of skills.
Those responsible for new brick buildings from 1430 onwards were probably the most rich and powerful in the country. Among them were Henry VI at Eton college, Ralf Cromwell at Tattershall castle, William of Waynflete at Esher palace, Farnham castle and Wainfleet school; and Bishop Rotherham of Lincoln at Buckden palace. Within the period of 50 years many brick buildings were constructed by this small group; including schools, colleges, gate-houses and towers. Many of the buildings were designed to display the wealth and prestige of their builders. The members of this small group all knew each other and often employed the same masons. Masons became so powerful that they formed their own secret society; the Freemasons.
John Cowper gained experience at Tattershall castle under a foreign master, he later worked at Esher palace for Bishop Rotherham. He is probably the designer of Waynflete school, which is partly based on Esher. He also appears in the 1480's at Kirkby Muxloe castle as a master mason.
The red bricks for Wainfleet school are rumoured to have been transported by water from the Isle of Ely, though this is more than likely untrue. A vast quantity of plain bricks were required for walling (the laying of these was probably semi-skilled work). The creation of door and window mouldings, vaulting and staircases was highly skilled and required cut or moulded bricks which would have to have been done on site.
The walls are solidly built, meaning that there is no rubble in between as was sometimes the case at that time. Specially cut bricks were used for the outer angles of the towers, axe marks can still be seen on some of these. Diaper patterning was used on the west wall with special bricks decorated with fused sand. The green shine would have contrasted well with the matte red wall. More traces of glazed bricks can be found on the east wall and the main chimney breast. Stone was used for the east and west windows and the door on the west front. For the other windows and doors, moulded bricks were used; these may have originally been covered with cement or plaster to give an appearance of expensive stone. The approximate size of the bricks used are 238-250mm x 112mm x 56-62mm.
Bonding in the Middle Ages, was, very irregular; but the Tudor period saw a consistent practice in the laying of bricks. They were mostly laid in alternating courses of stretchers (long sides) visible on the wall face, and headers (ends), visible. It has to be said that the laying of bricks in a regular fashion gives a more aesthetic overall appearance. English Bond later gave way to Flemish Bond.
At Foulkbourn in Essex, a huge brick tower of French design was built. In this tower was a spiral staircase with a moulded brick handrail. At Eton College, founded by King Henry in 1440, brick was the main material used, although stone was used for the walls of the chapel. At Cambridge, several colleges (Queens was the first) were being built in brick before the end of the fifteenth century. Henry VIII's Hampton Court Palace was at that time the largest house in England to be built of brick. Ralf Cromwell's master brick maker at Tattershall was a German brought over especially for the job, but by the end of the century, English brick makers were given plenty of opportunity to prove their skills with brick buildings becoming very popular.
The gate house of Esher Palace, now known as 'Waynflete Tower', is all that survives of another house built by William Waynflete around 1475-80, just as few years before the building of Wainfleet School. Waynflete tower has a spiral staircase with reddish-brown headers and yet another moulded brick handrail. These staircase vaults achieved mainly with stretchers are extremely accomplished for such an early date.
Other buildings similar to Wainfleet school include The Deanery in Hadleigh, Suffolk - it was built utilising English Bond in 1495; it has two towers and some diaper work. Anne Boleyn's Gateway at Hampton Court Palace was built in 1520; the English bond was later modified for diaper work and the gateway was added to at a later date.
USES OF THE BUILDING
In the south tower is a pre-reformation bell inscribed with the words 'Ave Maria Gra Sia Plena' which means 'Hail Mary Full Of Grace'. It hangs from a timber frame dated 1796. The bell could be heard ringing across the town summoning children to school, up until its closure in 1966. The upper room was originally used as a chapel; an altar stood beneath the east window and the masters and scholars would pray there each day. The altar was later replaced by a large wooden desk which remained until 1966. The old chapel provided the largest classroom. The walls are wooden panelled, which is not original. The hammer-beam roof is supported by Victorian corbels and has carved bosses at its intersections; these were repainted in the 1950's by local artist, Ernest E Turner, which really brought the craftsmanship back to life.
The 18th century glass of the perpendicular east and west windows is inscribed with the Lilly motif of Wainfleet's Coat Of Arms. The carved fireplaces carry the Magdalen arms and the legend 'Sicut Lilium', 'In the same way as the lily'.
The original classroom was downstairs, along with the Master's quarters. When the school first opened, there was, along with the single master, probably about seven pupils.
England around this time was suffering the Civil War and the walls around the lower windows were fitted with stout hooks so that heavy shutters could be hung there in emergencies; the towers were built with fortress-like slit windows. The school was actually used as a fortress during the Second World War. Soldiers were stationed there with a Bren Gun mounted in one of the towers.
The headmaster of the school was traditionally a clergyman, very often the Rector of the Parish. This position was often abused though - some rectors appointed unqualified masters and showed no more interest than receiving their salaries. This practice was corrected by the brothers John and Richard Pickburn who jointly held the head ship; this positive work was continued by S. W. Wilcox in whose time the school had, regularly, to serve as the local church whilst the present one was being built.
In 1877, when the reverend W. M. Gerish was head, there were only three pupils. He turned the school into a Grammar of very high standards which remained until 1933 when it was closed and merged into the larger and newer buildings at Skegness where it continues today.
Except for the war years, the school remained empty until 1951 when it was leased to Lindsay County Council and reopened as a temporary Secondary Modern. In 1966, the school closed again and transferred to brand new premises on Magdalen Road. Shortly after in 1968, the building opened as a public library, occupying the whole of the ground floor. In 1993, the first floor was given over to the Magdalen Museum, now a registered charity, displaying articles and artifacts of local and national interest.
The design of the school was unusual; an explanation of its appearance is that of John Gygur's suggestion that it could be in the style of Bishop Waynflete's palace at Esher, hence, part chapel and part gate house.
The building is rectangular and measures 22.8m x 7.8m on the outside and 21m x 6m on the inside, excluding the towers. The east end has a large perpendicular five light window similar to the west ends four light window above the main door. The two towers are divided into four stages by protecting drip courses, shown as string courses on the outside. The north and south sides have similar one and two light windows positioned irregularly. The two chimneys (enlarged in the 19th century) are on the north side. On the south side is a single, original, projection which is now a cupboard. There is a vault beneath this which suggests that it might have been a garde robe. This fits in with the fact that part of the ground floor was used as the masters lodgings.
Architecture in the Tudor period was mostly secular and important buildings were built of brick, timber and stone. Waynflete School has little stone but is entirely constructed from brick and timber. The arched windows and stained glass are typical Gothic features. The roof is low pitched and covered with lead and has low parapets. Etched into the lead are two inscriptions relating to its re-leading, once in 1856 and again in 1970. Attached to the south wall are a clutter of Victorian outbuildings.
The school is now a Scheduled Monument and a Grade 1 listed building.
GLOSSARY
Bosses:
In Mediaeval architecture a keystone (ornamental, carved and often painted and gilded) at the intersection of ribs in a vaulted roof. Carved, wooden bosses were also used at the rectangular intersection of beams in open wooden ceilings.
Corbels:
A projection, usually of stone but occasionally of brick or iron, built into a wall and projecting from its face as a bracket to support a beam or roof-truss.
English Bond:
A method of laying bricks, many mediaeval brick buildings are built in this way. English Bond consists of sides and ends of bricks laid in alternate layers.
Garde robe:
A privy built into the wall of a mediaeval castle or building.
Hammer Beam Roof:
An elaborate type of roof truss, only found in England and used in Tudor and late Gothic buildings. In order to avoid a tie beam across an imposing hall, short timber cantilevers ('hammer beams') are used, but structurally they are inferior in strength to tie beams.
Secular:
A name given to a building which was built without a religious function in mind.
String courses:
A moulding or a projection course of stone or brick, running horizontally across the face of a building or around the circumference of a tower.
Almost a thousand years ago. Wainfleet was an important, thriving port. Larger and more important than the port at Boston, 18 miles South of the town. The sea at Wainfleet, which has now withdrawn two miles, provided another important income - salt. The Domesday book, published in 1086 after the Norman conquest of 1066, contains several entries mentioning 'salt houses'. Salt houses, or 'salterns' were used in Wainfleet to extract salt from the sea. They can be found just off the Boston road, to the south of the town at Wainfleet St Mary. The evidence of these salterns can be seen as large mounds in a grass pasture, very out of character among miles of flat coastline.
Hidden away in a narrow back street of Wainfleet is a strange, out of place castle-like building constructed of a distinctive red brick. It is Magdalen College School and it was founded in Wainfleet in 1484 by William of Waynflete, to compliment his most famous foundation, Magdalen College in the University of Oxford.
'The schole that Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester made is the most notable thing...' commented Leland, on visiting the town during the reign of Henry VIII, the early part of the 16th Century when the school was almost brand new. The passage of over 500 years hasn't changed the fact that the "schole" is still the most notable and noticeable building in Wainfleet. With only minor alterations, the school stands almost exactly as it did when the building was completed around the turn of the 16th century. The front, with its two octagonal towers is similar to Eton College, Tattershall castle and Hampton Court Palace; William of Waynflete provides a connection between them all.
The exact date of the completion of the building is not known, but it is known from surviving documents that construction began in 1484. Originally, the school was used solely to feed Waynflete's Magdalen college in the university of Oxford. The school was built during the mediaeval period and that is its main architectural style, but, as new ages had different needs, the building slowly and subtly transformed and is now very much a mixture of different styles including Tudor, Gothic and Victorian.
WILLIAM OF WAYNFLETE
William [of Waynflete] Patten was born in Wainfleet in 1398. Very little is known of his early life and family, although we know he had a brother, John, who also followed an ecclesiastical career - he became Archdeacon of Surrey and Dean of Chichester.
Waynflete was appointed Master of the school at Winchester in 1429 and stayed until 1442; in 1447 he became Bishop of Winchester and in 1457 he founded Magdalen College, Oxford and later, a school there to feed it. He died in 1486 aged 88, his tomb can be found within the wall of Winchester Cathedral.
William Patten was known as William of Waynflete because in the middle ages it was customary for men to adopt as a surname their town of birth rather than their fathers name. He was at one time, headmaster at Eton and he also had some involvement in the building of Tattershall Castle. After founding Magdalen College and the school in Oxford he was determined to do something for his birth place, Wainfleet. He gave John Gygur (priest of Tattershall and warden of the college there) instructions to arrange for and supervise the building of the school. On 25 April 1484 Henry Alsbroke contracted with William of Waynflete to make the ceiling and floor. John Cowper is now generally accepted as the mason or designer. His work at Escher, Surrey and at Buckden Palace, Huntingdonshire [now Cambridgeshire] are in a similar brick style, all influenced from Tattershall, where he was working on the church.
Harris and Pevsner, in their book "The buildings of England - Lincolnshire" have this to say about the school: "The W[est] front is flanked by broad three storied polygonal [should be octagonal] towers. Central doorway with depressed head, and above this a four light perp window. Entrances also to the towers. The long N[orth] front has six irregular bays of brick with moulded brick single and double lights and two projecting chimney flanks. The E[ast] front has no towers but a five light window. The great first floor room is still the original static oblong space. The wide splayed window recesses do not yet come down to the ground (Thornton Abbey). Two chimney pieces with castellated decoration and corbelled angel heads are blatantly and unashamedly Victorian Gothic".
It is not known how long the school took to be completed. It is not a particularly large building and it is not as complex as somewhere such as Tattershall castle, for which all building accounts still exist. There are no such accounts for the school, but there is a letter detailing the carpentry work involved, dated April 1484, and we know that work began soon afterwards. A letter sent to Waynflete by Gygur records initial discussions with suppliers of bricks and timber; Master Tontoft and John Robinson. A house on the site of the school had to be pulled down and some of its materials were suitable for reuse, but new timber was required for its floor and roof. Miraculously, the upper room floor beams constructed by Alsbroke have survived.]
BRICKS
The bricks have been laid in English Bond style, which was very popular during the Tudor period. On the west face which carries the two towers and the main entrance, the brickwork has a series of patterns which include coloured diapers and zig-zags for which special glazed bricks were used.
The north tower contains a spiral staircase, and like Tattershall castle, it has an inset moulded brick handrail. The 15th century saw the biggest growth in the use of brick for buildings, especially in the midlands. Bricks were cheap and could be produced wherever suitable clay existed, but considerable amounts of brush wood would be required for the firing and this was often hard to get hold of. The complex details often obtained in brickwork were the result of very accomplished workmen and at that time it was a new range of skills.
Those responsible for new brick buildings from 1430 onwards were probably the most rich and powerful in the country. Among them were Henry VI at Eton college, Ralf Cromwell at Tattershall castle, William of Waynflete at Esher palace, Farnham castle and Wainfleet school; and Bishop Rotherham of Lincoln at Buckden palace. Within the period of 50 years many brick buildings were constructed by this small group; including schools, colleges, gate-houses and towers. Many of the buildings were designed to display the wealth and prestige of their builders. The members of this small group all knew each other and often employed the same masons. Masons became so powerful that they formed their own secret society; the Freemasons.
John Cowper gained experience at Tattershall castle under a foreign master, he later worked at Esher palace for Bishop Rotherham. He is probably the designer of Waynflete school, which is partly based on Esher. He also appears in the 1480's at Kirkby Muxloe castle as a master mason.
The red bricks for Wainfleet school are rumoured to have been transported by water from the Isle of Ely, though this is more than likely untrue. A vast quantity of plain bricks were required for walling (the laying of these was probably semi-skilled work). The creation of door and window mouldings, vaulting and staircases was highly skilled and required cut or moulded bricks which would have to have been done on site.
The walls are solidly built, meaning that there is no rubble in between as was sometimes the case at that time. Specially cut bricks were used for the outer angles of the towers, axe marks can still be seen on some of these. Diaper patterning was used on the west wall with special bricks decorated with fused sand. The green shine would have contrasted well with the matte red wall. More traces of glazed bricks can be found on the east wall and the main chimney breast. Stone was used for the east and west windows and the door on the west front. For the other windows and doors, moulded bricks were used; these may have originally been covered with cement or plaster to give an appearance of expensive stone. The approximate size of the bricks used are 238-250mm x 112mm x 56-62mm.
Bonding in the Middle Ages, was, very irregular; but the Tudor period saw a consistent practice in the laying of bricks. They were mostly laid in alternating courses of stretchers (long sides) visible on the wall face, and headers (ends), visible. It has to be said that the laying of bricks in a regular fashion gives a more aesthetic overall appearance. English Bond later gave way to Flemish Bond.
At Foulkbourn in Essex, a huge brick tower of French design was built. In this tower was a spiral staircase with a moulded brick handrail. At Eton College, founded by King Henry in 1440, brick was the main material used, although stone was used for the walls of the chapel. At Cambridge, several colleges (Queens was the first) were being built in brick before the end of the fifteenth century. Henry VIII's Hampton Court Palace was at that time the largest house in England to be built of brick. Ralf Cromwell's master brick maker at Tattershall was a German brought over especially for the job, but by the end of the century, English brick makers were given plenty of opportunity to prove their skills with brick buildings becoming very popular.
The gate house of Esher Palace, now known as 'Waynflete Tower', is all that survives of another house built by William Waynflete around 1475-80, just as few years before the building of Wainfleet School. Waynflete tower has a spiral staircase with reddish-brown headers and yet another moulded brick handrail. These staircase vaults achieved mainly with stretchers are extremely accomplished for such an early date.
Other buildings similar to Wainfleet school include The Deanery in Hadleigh, Suffolk - it was built utilising English Bond in 1495; it has two towers and some diaper work. Anne Boleyn's Gateway at Hampton Court Palace was built in 1520; the English bond was later modified for diaper work and the gateway was added to at a later date.
USES OF THE BUILDING
In the south tower is a pre-reformation bell inscribed with the words 'Ave Maria Gra Sia Plena' which means 'Hail Mary Full Of Grace'. It hangs from a timber frame dated 1796. The bell could be heard ringing across the town summoning children to school, up until its closure in 1966. The upper room was originally used as a chapel; an altar stood beneath the east window and the masters and scholars would pray there each day. The altar was later replaced by a large wooden desk which remained until 1966. The old chapel provided the largest classroom. The walls are wooden panelled, which is not original. The hammer-beam roof is supported by Victorian corbels and has carved bosses at its intersections; these were repainted in the 1950's by local artist, Ernest E Turner, which really brought the craftsmanship back to life.
The 18th century glass of the perpendicular east and west windows is inscribed with the Lilly motif of Wainfleet's Coat Of Arms. The carved fireplaces carry the Magdalen arms and the legend 'Sicut Lilium', 'In the same way as the lily'.
The original classroom was downstairs, along with the Master's quarters. When the school first opened, there was, along with the single master, probably about seven pupils.
England around this time was suffering the Civil War and the walls around the lower windows were fitted with stout hooks so that heavy shutters could be hung there in emergencies; the towers were built with fortress-like slit windows. The school was actually used as a fortress during the Second World War. Soldiers were stationed there with a Bren Gun mounted in one of the towers.
The headmaster of the school was traditionally a clergyman, very often the Rector of the Parish. This position was often abused though - some rectors appointed unqualified masters and showed no more interest than receiving their salaries. This practice was corrected by the brothers John and Richard Pickburn who jointly held the head ship; this positive work was continued by S. W. Wilcox in whose time the school had, regularly, to serve as the local church whilst the present one was being built.
In 1877, when the reverend W. M. Gerish was head, there were only three pupils. He turned the school into a Grammar of very high standards which remained until 1933 when it was closed and merged into the larger and newer buildings at Skegness where it continues today.
Except for the war years, the school remained empty until 1951 when it was leased to Lindsay County Council and reopened as a temporary Secondary Modern. In 1966, the school closed again and transferred to brand new premises on Magdalen Road. Shortly after in 1968, the building opened as a public library, occupying the whole of the ground floor. In 1993, the first floor was given over to the Magdalen Museum, now a registered charity, displaying articles and artifacts of local and national interest.
The design of the school was unusual; an explanation of its appearance is that of John Gygur's suggestion that it could be in the style of Bishop Waynflete's palace at Esher, hence, part chapel and part gate house.
The building is rectangular and measures 22.8m x 7.8m on the outside and 21m x 6m on the inside, excluding the towers. The east end has a large perpendicular five light window similar to the west ends four light window above the main door. The two towers are divided into four stages by protecting drip courses, shown as string courses on the outside. The north and south sides have similar one and two light windows positioned irregularly. The two chimneys (enlarged in the 19th century) are on the north side. On the south side is a single, original, projection which is now a cupboard. There is a vault beneath this which suggests that it might have been a garde robe. This fits in with the fact that part of the ground floor was used as the masters lodgings.
Architecture in the Tudor period was mostly secular and important buildings were built of brick, timber and stone. Waynflete School has little stone but is entirely constructed from brick and timber. The arched windows and stained glass are typical Gothic features. The roof is low pitched and covered with lead and has low parapets. Etched into the lead are two inscriptions relating to its re-leading, once in 1856 and again in 1970. Attached to the south wall are a clutter of Victorian outbuildings.
The school is now a Scheduled Monument and a Grade 1 listed building.
GLOSSARY
Bosses:
In Mediaeval architecture a keystone (ornamental, carved and often painted and gilded) at the intersection of ribs in a vaulted roof. Carved, wooden bosses were also used at the rectangular intersection of beams in open wooden ceilings.
Corbels:
A projection, usually of stone but occasionally of brick or iron, built into a wall and projecting from its face as a bracket to support a beam or roof-truss.
English Bond:
A method of laying bricks, many mediaeval brick buildings are built in this way. English Bond consists of sides and ends of bricks laid in alternate layers.
Garde robe:
A privy built into the wall of a mediaeval castle or building.
Hammer Beam Roof:
An elaborate type of roof truss, only found in England and used in Tudor and late Gothic buildings. In order to avoid a tie beam across an imposing hall, short timber cantilevers ('hammer beams') are used, but structurally they are inferior in strength to tie beams.
Secular:
A name given to a building which was built without a religious function in mind.
String courses:
A moulding or a projection course of stone or brick, running horizontally across the face of a building or around the circumference of a tower.
