The Turkish language is written using the Roman alphabet (the familiar A B C one that is also used to write English), but with some extra letters and accents. The system was designed in the early 20th Century. At that time, the Turks had just overthrown the Ottomans who had ruled the country since about 1300 but whose Empire was seen as increasingly corrupt and powerless. During the Ottoman period, the Turkish language had been written using the Arabic script. This wasn't entirely suited to the language, which meant that reading was a difficult skill which only the upper classes could afford the time to acquire. When the new Republic of Turkey was set up, the Roman alphabet was chosen for two reasons - it could be made to fit the sounds of Turkish better, and it was a sign that Turkey was becoming more a part of Europe and moving away from the seemingly old-fashioned Arab world.

The writing system devised is a good one: spelling is simple and matches the pronunciation exactly. It is always possible to know exactly how a Turkish word is pronounced. This is a complete contrast to English where the rules are complicated and even then one in every six words doesn't obey the rules anyway.

In the following, some of the Turkish letters may not display properly in your browser, so I'll describe them as well as displaying them.

Pronounce Every Letter

The first rule of Turkish pronunciation is that every letter is there for a reason and every letter except one represents a sound. Letters are not combined as in English.

• If you see an E at the end of a word, it is pronounced. For example, the phrase güle güle (goodbye) is 'gew-leh gew-leh'. The word kahve (coffee) is 'kah-veh'.

• H before a consonant is intended to be pronounced. In the word anahtar (key), there's an 'h' sound before the t. This is difficult for English speakers, but do make an effort.

The G with a Cup

The letter G with a little cup over it (ğ) is the one letter that is silent in Turkish, but it still has a function - it lengthens the preceding vowel.

The Dot on the I matters

In Turkish the letter i with a dot (i) is a different letter from the i without a dot (ı). This applies even in capitals. An I with a dot (İ) is the capital version of the lowercase i with a dot. The I without a dot (I) is the capital version of the lowercase i without a dot (ı). This is why Istanbul is written in Turkish with a dot on the capital I.

Turkish Vowels

Turkish has eight vowels. This may come as a shock if you think that English has only five. In fact English has at least 11 vowels sounds, so Turkish is simpler, and each vowel has its own letter, so they're easily learned.

a, e, i, o and u are similar to European languages such as German, Italian and Spanish:

father, pen, machine, cone, moon

The vowels ö and ü (o and u with two dots over them) are the same as in German. These are sounds that don't exist in English but are common in French and German as well as the Scandinavian languages. For English speakers:

• To say an ö, put your mouth into the shape to say an 'o', then say an 'uh'.
• To say an ü, put your mouth into the shape to say 'oo', then say an 'ee'.

The vowel i without a dot (ı) is the neutral vowel¹, similar to 'uh' in English or the sound 'er' as spoken in an English accent.

The four letters C, J, Ç and Ş

These four letters can be confusing, particularly since the C and J represent different sounds from in English.

• C represents the English J sound. The word cami (mosque) is pronounced 'jammy', although the sound of the letter 'a' is not exactly the same.

• J is pronounced zh as the s in the word vision or the g in mirage. The word pasajı (passage) is pronounced 'pass-ah-zhuh', as in French  passage.

The other two are not too difficult since the symbols don't occur in English:

• Ç (C with cedille) as English ch in church, cheese, chalk. Küçük (small) is 'kew-chewk'.

• Ş (S with cedille) as English sh in fish, sheep. Çikiş (exit) is 'cheek-eesh'.

Table

Here's a table of all the letters

Some Handy Phrases

As examples in Turkish pronunciation, here are some handy phrases you may need to use on your trip to Turkey. In this table, we use the 'er' sound in the English pronunciations to indicate the neutral vowel as spoken by an English person. If you're an American, substitute the 'uh' sound.