Ides of March
Created | Updated Mar 16, 2005
Virtually every schoolchild has heard of the warning given by a soothsayer to Julius Caesar, 'Beware the Ides of March'. Indeed, following that warning, Caesar was assassinated by Brutus on that fateful day. But what were/is 'the Ides of March'?
The term 'Ides' derives from the earliest Roman calendar which, according to legend, was devised by Romulus, the mythical founder of Rome. In the ancient Roman calendar, each of the 12 months1 had an 'ides', this word deriving from the Latin 'to divide', and were those days that nearly halved the months. The Ides were originally meant to mark the appearance of the full moon - but since the solar calendar months and lunar months were of different lengths, the Ides quickly lost their original intent and purpose.
In March, May, July and October, the Ides fell on the 15th day, whilst in every other month, they fell on the 13th.
The 'Ides' served as a reference point for two other special days: the Kalends 2 (1st day of the month), and the Nones (which fell on the 7th day in March, May, July, and October; and the 5th in the other months)
The remaining, unnamed days of the month were identified by counting backwards from the Kalends, Nones, or the Ides. For example, March 3 would be V Nones—5 days before the Nones.
Naming of the Days in MarchMarch 1: Kalends; March 2: VI Nones; March 3: V Nones; March 4: IV Nones; March 5: III Nones; March 6: Pridie Nones (Latin for 'the penultimate day'); March 7: Nones; March 15: Ides
This system of naming the days of the month was also used in the Julian calendar (established by Julius Caesar in 45 BCE)3 and continued to be used throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. 4
Although the Ides of March no longer has relevance, it continues to hold a fascination, thanks mainly to Shakespeare's command of language.
Thus, in Act One, Scene Two of Julius Caesar, Caesar asks a soothsayer what the future holds.Caesar: Who is it in the press that calls on me?
I hear a tongue, shriller than all the music
Cry 'Caesar!' Speak. Caesar is turn'd to hear.
Soothsayer: Beware the Ides of March.
Apparently, Caesar ignores this warning for he replies,
He is a dreamer; let us leave him. Pass.
Who was the soothsayer?
According to Suetonius and Plutarch, sometime in March when Caesar was making sacrifices, a soothsayer or astrologer named Spurinna warned Caesar of danger on a date no later than the Ides of March.
According to Plutarch's account, written in 75 AD, Caesar had decided, wisely, to remain within the safety of his chambers on the 15th of March. However, Caesar's 'friend' Decimus (Albinus) Brutus (not Marcus Brutus) managed to convince him that the astrologer's warnings were nothing more than superstition; so Caesar attended the Senate anyway on that date. On his way to the Senate, Caesar contrived to meet up with Spurinna and, upon seeing him mocked, 'The Ides of March are come'. Spurinna replied, 'Yes, they are come, but they are not past'. Later that day - on March 15, 44 BCE - Caesar's enemies assassinated him in the Pompeii theatre, at the foot of Pompey's statue, where the Roman Senate was meeting that day in the Temple of Venus.
Why did Caesar ignore the warning?
One theory as to why Caesar might have been appearing to ignore the ominous warning of Spurinna, is that perhaps he simply got the dates confused, and thought that the Ides of March fell on the 13th. Since Spurinna had warned him of the danger occurring no later than 'the Ides', Caesar may have thought he was safe.
'Beware the Ides of March'
Besides being the date of the assassination of Caesar, a number of other significant or otherwise interesting events are marked by March 15th.
Thus Tsar Nicolas II (1868-1918) - Russia's last emperor- was forced to addicate on this date in 1917, thus completing the demise of the Romanov dynasty.
Some sources 5 say that Hitler proclaimed the formation of the Third Reich on 15th March, 1933.
On 15th March, 1939 the Nazis invaded Czechoslovakia - the first time Hitler had taken over a non-Germanic people.
It is interesting to note that Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, who have 'enjoyed' a turbulent relationship, married each other for the fist time on March 15th 1964. Elizabeth Taylor starred in the highly-acclaimed film 'Cleopatra' (1963), which tells the tale of the Egyptian queen who seduces Julius Caesar in a political move to hold onto her empire. When Caesar is killed in the Roman Senate, Cleopatra looks to Marc Antony (Richard Burton) for his support. Marc Anthony is totally besotted by Cleopatra and is practically enslaved by her cunning female strategems. This film was one of the most expensive productions for its time.
On 15th March 1877 the first Test Match in cricket was held, between Australia and England, in Melbourne.
Related BBC Sites
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3 The Julian calendar gave us the basis of our system of 365 days a year and 366 in a leap year4 Thus an audience in Shakespeare's time would have been familiar with the term, even though it's meaning is now somewhat obscure.5For example, The Illustrated London News, 1933.
